The Importance And Cons Of Business Law - 704 Words

The Second Circuit in its Order vacating the old settlement indicated that there should be separate counsel for the (b)(2) Class and the (b)(3) Class as to any future resolution. . The Second Circuit held that (b)(3) counsel would be incentivized to maximize cash compensation for past harm while (b)(2) Class counsel would strive to address the network rules. . The District Court remedied the structurally inadequate representation by appointing four law firms to separately represent the 23(b)(2) class. . We interpret the restructuring to mean that each class not only needed its own lawyers, but that the settlement terms for each class must stand on their own. . As to any future 23(b)(2) settlement, the Court’s implicit directive is that†¦show more content†¦. Many of the objectors include various retail associations with no pecuniary interest in the litigation that were once original plaintiffs. . From the moment the original 2012 settlement was announced, these a ssociations have announced they want any future (b)(2) deal to more robustly address the network rules. . For example, Mallory Duncan, the General Counsel for the National Retail Federation, recently testified before Congress that the U.S interchange fee should be even lower than Europe where fees are a fraction of their American counterparts. . Duncan, the multitude of objecting associations and large corporations, and their lawyers have publicly entrenched themselves in an all-out fight to address interchange. . Despite the fiercely competing interests (and rhetoric) of both sides, we do have some thoughts about how a new deal might be structured. The clearest path to buying a lasting resolution that will protect some of the Defendants’ interchange fee revenue would be a compromise that either (a) permanently reduces interchange below current levels, but above the more punitive interchange caps in the marketplace (e.g., the Durbin Amendment cap on debit interchange, or limits in Europe, Australia, and elsewhere), or (b) a time-restricted interchange limitation that may be sold to merchants and the Court for approval on the grounds that theShow MoreRelatedLaw Firm Of Firm Law1567 Words   |  7 PagesLaw firm of Firm Law LLP Sole proprietorship, partnerships, and corporations are just a few different organization entities that people use when starting a new business. One can change from one business type into another using proper paperwork and by abiding state rules and regulations. 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Common Laboratory Operations - 5997 Words

List of the entire famous scientist Alessandro Volta(1745-1827) An Italian Physicist who was a pioneer in the development of electricity. He created the first electric battery in 1800. This battery gave the world its first continuous, reliable source of electric current, and led to all important discoveries of the use of electricity. The unit of measuring electromotive force (emf), Volt(v) is named after him. He also proposed the law that the air expands at a constant rate with increasing temperature. Albert Einstein (1879-1955) German mathematical physicist. Famous for the theory of relativity. Motion is relative and there fore, can be measured only in relation with something else. According to him, the only unchanging quantity is†¦show more content†¦Sreenivasa Ramanajun(1887-1920) Indian mathematician. Born on December 22,1887 at erode, Tamil Nadu. Passed his matriculation exam in 1903. He was interested in solving mathematical problems from his child hood. He got a fellowship for his higher education in Trinity in 1917. He was selected as the fellow of the royal society in 1918.He published a number of books in mathematics. He died on April 26, 1920 Stephen Hawking(1942-) An English mathematical physicist. His explanations of the formation of the universe and of black holes in space have become widely accepted among scientists the world over. His best selling book, A brief history of Time (1988) has sold 25 million copies providing many with an introduction to quantum physics and relativity Thales of Miletus(c.636 BC-546 BC) The Greek philosopher, astronomer and mathematician, remembered for his cosmology. He is generally regarded as the founder of Greek geometry. He adopted a naturalistic, rather than mythological view if the world. He was regarded as one of the Seven Sages, seven wise Greek men, of the 6th and 7th centuries BC Albert Michelson(1852-1931) The German born US physicist. He was the first American to win a Nobel prize for his measurements of the speed of light. In the 1880s Michelson and the US Physicist Edward Morley try to find out how fast the earth moved through the ether. The result was the ether wasnt exist at all. This laterShow MoreRelatedLab s Support For Technical Competence Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagesjsn ganu INTRODUCTION: Today it is important for all food diagnostic laboratories and research facilities to implement and make accurate quality of analysis as per the reach, volume and kind of the work performed. The essential go for any expository food testing or analytical laboratory ought to be to guarantee that their scientific results are of accurate quality concerning their accuracy and trueness. This relies on upon whether lab is mean to apply for technical competence. 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Product Design Development Should Determineâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Product Design Development Should Determine? Answer: Ethical Issue Identification In most cases, firms dealing with product design and development should determine a products readiness for release. This step takes place after spending resources such as money, time, and labor to identify a problem, create a solution, and test the system. In this video, a manager is pressurizing an employee to launch a system without undertaking tests on it to meet a clients deadline (Al-Saggaf, 2016). Sometimes, product launch does not depend on a new application being ready. However, it involves informing the world that the product has been released and ready for use. Clients start loading information into the software database since they believe it is secure and bug-free. Edwards and Steinke (2008) notes that software errors and bugs are a normal part of an IT application. As such, many program vendors provide no expectation of correctness or guarantee of reliability when releasing a software. Additionally, companies find it easier to launch a product, spend more resources on marketing, and then fix bugs after complaints from users. Edwards and Steinke (2008) argues that the ICT vendor has the ethical responsibility for testing and correcting a product. Implications of the Ethical Problem The manager believes that the team should release the product without testing to impress the client and avoid losing business. However, the employee responsible for the launch believes that the piece of software should be tested first to ascertain that it works properly and meets user requirements. On the contrary, it can damage the reputation of the product vendor for launching an untested product. For instance, the software can suddenly crush or spit out the wrong output that may lead to loss of trust due to the presence of bugs on the code. Moreover, client may lose critical data through a program that has defects. As a result, a bug-plagued software can become costly for both the client and service provider. Previous studies have shown that this unethical move in ICT has been prevalent and detrimental and has led to an annual loss of $59.5 billion in America (Waychal and Capretz, 2016). The costs are borne by the developer and users. In some cases, if the program is installed in a medical equipment, it can be dangerous or cause death. A software product is prone to errors due to its overwhelming sophistication. In includes millions of lines of codes that are prone to defects. As such, developers should be given enough time to identify and correct bugs to prevent future loss or damage on firms reputation. According to Richardson and Gwaltney (2005), improved testing enables earlier identification and correction of software bugs and can eliminate a third of defect-related loss. Unfortunately, most software developers are driven by greed to release products early without proper testing. Al-Saggaf, Burmeister, and Weckert (2015) reasonably argued that human weakness could push them to exploit product vulnerabilities to obtain a capital gain. Their study found that greed factor triggered unethical conduct in the field of ICT. Ineffective corporate and IT policies can lead to abuse of workers and company assets by those in power for personal gains. As a result, more than half of software errors are discovered after form al product launch. An example of the impact of this ethical issue involves the 2013 Healthcare.gov massive system failure caused by lack of rigorous evaluation before implementation (Roy, 2013). The healthcare exchange product was rolled out to support Affordable Care Act. However, the government stifled effective agile development and appropriate testing caused the development cost to swell three times from the budgeted amount. In contrast, if the defect was identified earlier, fixing it would have been cheaper. Solution to the Ethical Problem During the development process, the project team should test a product to identify bugs. Developers can deploy an online tracking solution to record defects and implement a streamlined approach to resolving such defects. Identified bugs should be ranked according to their severity and impact. In this case, the developer in the video can choose to delay the launch date to ensure that the system is tested for release. The system is only considered safe and reliable after the defect triage is complete and the developers have completed correcting the defects. This live software is now guaranteed to be free from defects and can be adopted by a client. Staying ahead of this ethical issue requires integrity and vigilance. The firm should implement a measure makes clients data safety paramount, resisting scenarios of greed and corruption. Notably, meeting such standards can be challenging for firm managers and owners who focus on revenue creation and sales improvement. On the other side, the developer should bring up such ethical issues in early stages of product development for the CEO to communicate to the client before the deadline. Apparently, ethical imagination is required for products that are used by different stakeholders. The developer should consciously use some imagination and avoid assuming that users will think in a similar way. In other words, a programmer should think of a way that a client will use a properly developed software improperly. Imagining a worst case scenario in the early stages will help launch a bug-free system on time. When faced with an ethical dilemma such as the one presented in the video, the developers primary obligation is to communicate on the manner and share his or her concerns with management. As such, the firm should ensure that they have implemented internal processes that encourage sharing of challenges and concerns. Similarly, the management is required to listen to the employee to create a solution. The concerns and facts should be documented for future reference. This ethical issue can be solved through a teleological theory that focuses on the actions and the consequences (Guy, 1990). The manager and the developer should choose an action, among a set, that will lead to a greatest good and least harm. The set of actions, according to the YouTube video, include letting the system go live, developer resigning, or fighting back. From this discussion, it is hard to negotiate ethical issues involving an active decision. It gets more challenging when the challenge involves a problem that can be postponed and labeled a task that can be fixed later after a product has been launched. However, a company should avoid launching un-tested programs since a single bug can cause inconceivable harm and loss. References Al-Saggaf, Y. (2016, October 20). IT management: Select action end of video and see its consequence [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mugeCY3vbxo Al-Saggaf, Y., Burmeister, O., Weckert, J. (2015). Reasons behind unethical behavior in the Australian ICT workplace: An empirical investigation. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 13(3/4), 235-255. Edwards, J. N., Steinke, G. (2008). Ethical issues in the software quality assurance function. Communication of the IIMA, 8(1), 53-58. Guy, M. E. (1990). Ethical decision making in everyday work situations. New York: Quorum Books.management. Richardson, J., Gwaltney, J. W. (2005). Ship it! A practical guide to successful software projects. Pragmatic Bookshelf. Roy, A. (2013). Obamacares website is crashing because it doesnt want you to know how costly its plans are. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/theapothecary/2013/10/14/obamacares-website-is-crashing-because-it-doesnt-want-you-to-know-health-plans-true-costs/#464665f57a5f Waychal, P. K., Capretz, L. F. (2016). Why a testing career is not the first choices of engineers. 123rd Annual Conference of the American Society for Engineering Education, 14994.

Principles of the Human Relations Movement Essay Example

Principles of the Human Relations Movement Essay In today’s successful organisations, the most important focus is managing individual employee satisfaction and motivation, apart from complying with formal rules and operating procedures, to maintain high qualityproductivity. Unlike the classical perspectives of management such as Scientific Management and Bureaucracy, â€Å"the importance of informal social factors in the work place such as co-worker relationships and group norms that influence employee motivation and performance is highlighted† (Macky Johnson, 2003, p. 2) under the ‘Human Relations Movement’. This essay will discuss how the Human Relations Movement has been adapted and carried out successfully in New Zealand by the restaurant chain, Starbucks Coffee. By focusing on the principles of maintaining a socialised natural group working environment and two-way communication between employees and managers, this essay will demonstrate how they became the most powerful and well-known coffee franchi se restaurant in New Zealand market. To start with, the Human Relations Movement firstly emphasises the importance of the working environment for employees as a socialised natural group in which social aspects for both employees and managers take precedence over functional organisational structures. Elton Mayo, who was called â€Å"the founder of both the Human Relations Movement and of industrial sociology† (Pugh Hickson, 1989, P. 152), had the basic idea that â€Å"workers had strong social needs which they tried to satisfy through membership of informal social groups at work place† (Nicholson, 1998, p. 15). Opposing the classical perspectives of management principles of the Scientific Management and Bureaucracy, Mayo claimed that scientifically clarified rules, strict work procedure and incentive money payments were not the only stimulus to inspire workers and that they were â€Å"less factors in determining output than were group standards, sentiments and security† (Robbins, Millett Waters-Mar sh, 2004, p. 815-816) after he proceeded an experiment, called the ‘Hawthorne Experiment’. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of the Human Relations Movement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of the Human Relations Movement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of the Human Relations Movement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to the Hawthorne Studies, employees were motivated to work harder and efficiently when managers provided a more comfortable and informal working environment taking into account individual satisfaction and their personal needs rather than manipulating employees by way of higher remuneration. Mayo demonstrated that an organisation could not generate much beneficial output if managers â€Å"treat workers simply as economic individuals wanting to maximise pay and minimise effort† (cited Nicholson, 1998, p. 215). As a result, â€Å"managers would no longer consider the issue of organisation design without including the effects on work groups and employee attitudes† (Robbins Barnwell, 2006, p. 47). They now see their jobs as dealing with human beings rather than simply with work. One of the most well-known and influencing coffee franchise restaurants in New Zealand, Starbucks Coffee, tries its best to offer an informal and social working environment in which employees can enjoy themselves and be enthusiastic, in order to satisfy and motivate those employees at the same time increasing company sales. The company expects and encourages every employee to participate in developing plans, creating and achieving their goals. First of all, Starbucks Coffee, for example, treats every employee equally and they are all called ‘partners’. Therefore, those employees can feel more familiar and closer to their work place which could otherwise have been formal and difficult to feel part of. Also, Starbucks Coffee puts its effort into paying attention to employees, so as to satisfy their personal needs and wants. Managers schedule and allocate employees’ work hours and schedule time off with the needs of those employees being central. Additionally, employees, including part-time employees, for instance, are provided a number of benefits such as medical and dental health care coverage, vacations, discounts on merchandise, etc, apart from money. Also, Starbucks Coffee develops tools and courses to support and train employees towards their future career development. Although the costs of these partner benefits are rapidly rising, Starbucks Coffee covers the financial risks and funds to display benefits and training courses, because it is aware how employee satisfaction affects the productivity and behaviour towards customers. Accordingly, great treatment of employees in the well-developed and humanly concentrated environment has brought Starbucks Coffee much impact on the high quality services to customers and thus an increase in company sales each year. In addition to the Human Relations Management being focused on the importance of the working environment for employees as a socialised natural group that is aimed at satisfying personal needs and wants of each employee, there is another significant principle of the Human Relations Movement. This is two way communications between employees and managers. According to the Hawthorne experiment, which was performed by Elton Mayo, as explained above, Bartol (2005) advocates that â€Å"collaborative and co-operative supervisor-and-worker relationships was emphasised† (Bartol, Tein, Matthews Martin, 2005, P. 3) Mayo carried out an experiment about the effects of physical conditions of work. During the experiment, he observed the impact on the productivity of workers by varying the lighting conditions, however there was no particular change found that affected workers. Mayo (1932, P. 153, as cited in Pugh Hickson, 1989) eventually realised that â€Å"communication between workers an d the research team was very full and open throughout the experimental period. † Mayo had discovered that the communication was one of the most effective fundamentals to stimulate the motivation of employees so as to boom a level of production. Unlike the classical perspectives of management principles of the Scientific Management and Bureaucracy, which stated the significance of one way communication by giving orders and requirements from managers to workers, the Human Relations Movement stresses â€Å"the importance of an adequate communication system, particularly upwards from workers to management (Pugh Hickson, 1989, P. 155). In today’s organisations, employees have a right to express and indicate their opinions and personal thoughts towards the management, so that the decisions can be made widely throughout whole organisation. As a result, in order to operate this management system, the role of managers in the organisation requires them to have â€Å"social skills as well as technical skills† (Bartol, Tein, Matthews Martin, 2005, P. 43) to understand the influence of human control on organisational outputs. Starbucks, for instance, performs its operations under the principles of the Human Relations Movement by displaying two-way communication between employees and managers in their work environment. In the first place, Starbucks Coffee ensures all its policies, standards and procedures are communicated between employees and managers. Managers in this organisation allow employees to provide their own suggestions and complaints, therefore Starbucks Coffee can improve its effectiveness and correct any deficiencies. The managers conduct daily and weekly interviews to listen to what individual employees want. Starbucks Coffee also holds a special survey for employees every 18 to 24 months, called a ‘Partner View Survey’. By operating this survey, employees give the management feedback as they are requested to point out what in the organisation performs well and issues which it needs to consider more closely. In addition, Starbucks supplies training courses for managers so that they can act as role models for employees and can lead and control employees in a positive manner. This organisation is concerned about the importance of personal control with every employee so as to construct a closer and informal relationship with each other. Starbucks Coffee is hence continuing to develop passionate, motivated employees who have a large impact on their consistent sale increases. As stated so far, the Human Relations Movement is mainly based on the satisfaction and motivation of each individual employee rather than a formally structured organisational group. As distinct from Scientific Management and Bureaucracy, a socialised natural work environment for employees and two-way communication between employees and managers, especially upwards from employees to managers, conceptualises the Human Relations Movement. Starbucks Coffee could become one of the most successful coffee franchise restaurants in New Zealand, because it has adapted well to and operate effectively in modern management based on the Human Relations Movement. Managers show their respect towards individual employee by treating every employee equally. Also the organisation offers employees a lot of personal benefits rather than incentives. Besides, the management in Starbuck Coffee open their minds to communicate efficiently with employees as they conduct a survey, interview and receive feedback. Overall, as a result, the Human Relations Movement is an obviously essential method of the management that modern organisations must apply to operate as a successful and influencing business in the market. 1359 Words Reference List Badol, K. , Tein, M. , Matthews, G. Martin D. (2005). Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4E. Mc Graw Hill Australia. James, H. (2003). The Gurus who created Modern Management and why their ideas are bad for Business today. Cambridge. MA Perseus Books Group. Macky, K. Johnson, G. (2003). Managing Human Resources in New Zealand (2nd ed. . Mc Graw Hill Australia. Nicholson, N. (1998). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Organisational Behaviour. Blackwell. Pugh, D. S. Hickson, D. J. (1989). Writers on Organisations – An invaluable introduction to the ideas and arguments of leading writers on MGMT (4th ed). Penguin Business. Robbins, S. P. Barnwell, N. (2006). Organisation Theory – Concepts and cases (5th ed. ). Pearson education Australia. Robbins, S. P . Judge, T. A. (2007). Organisational Behavior. Robbins, S. P. , Millett, B. Waters-Marsh. (2004). Organisational Behaviour. Pearson

buy custom Discrimination During the Hiring Process Essay Sample

buy custom Discrimination During the Hiring Process Essay Sample Discrimination During the Hiring Process Introduction The contemporary society comprises a diverse mix of individuals characterized by different ethnic affiliation, race, religious views, color, and sex. These variations are caused by the intense movement of people from one country, region, or continent to the other in search for education, settlement and employment opportunities. Therefore, modern societies are characterized by diverse culture. In such a situation, employment opportunities may be affected by discrimination. Employment discrimination is illegal and extremely immoral; it violates social and human principles and values. It is described as the act of overlooking certain recruits during a job selection process based on their sex, color, race, ethnicity, marital status, disability, or religion. Despite ample criticism and venom being directed at such actions, discrimination during hiring process for employment is still practiced and is often overlooked by upper management of the hiring organization. The paper will delineate areas where discrimination is evidenced in the hiring process.

John Jay College GPA, SAT and ACT Scores for Admission

John Jay College GPA, SAT and ACT Scores for Admission John Jay College GPA, SAT and ACT Graph CUNY John Jay College GPA, SAT Scores and ACT Scores for Admission. Data courtesy of Cappex. How Do You Measure Up at John Jay College? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex. Discussion of John Jay Colleges Admissions Standards: The CUNY  John Jay College of Criminal Justice has moderately selective admissions. The admissions bar is not overly high, but the college gets enough applications to keep the acceptance rate well below 50%. In the scattergram above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see that most admitted students had a GPA of 2.5 or higher, an ACT composite score of 18 or better, and a combined SAT score (RWM) of roughly 950 or higher. In the middle of the graph, youll notice a few red dots (rejected students) and yellow dots (waitlisted students) overlapping with the green and blue. This means that some students who were potentially on target for admission to John Jay College were not admitted. On the flip side, a few students were accepted with test scores and grades below the norm. This is because the CUNY application used by all of the CUNY campuses is evaluated holistically. John Jay College and the other CUNY schools want to see high grades in rigorous courses and strong test scores, but they also take into consideration your application essay and letters of recommendation. To learn more about John Jay College, high school GPAs, SAT scores and ACT scores, these articles can help: John Jay College Admissions ProfileWhats a Good SAT Score?Whats a Good ACT Score?Whats Considered a Good Academic Record?What is a Weighted GPA? Related Articles: The CUNY CollegesSAT Score Comparison for the CUNY CampusesTop New York Colleges and Universities If You Like John Jay College, You May Also Like These Schools Stony Brook University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCUNY Hunter College:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAdelphi University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNew York University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity at Albany:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphFordham University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCUNY Lehman College:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphHofstra University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBinghamton University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSUNY Buffalo State:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCollege of Staten Island CUNY:  Profile  University of New Haven:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT Graph

The internationalizing staffing strategies of the BMW group Essay

The internationalizing staffing strategies of the BMW group - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that organizations adapt their human resource management practices for successful strategies execution to survive and grow in the international markets. International human resource field has been a focus of all business organizations, and its significance will grow in the subsequent years. International organizations use three strategies types for transfer of practices of human resource across different countries. The first strategy is the ethnocentric strategy, which uses similar practices of human resources of the parent company in its host nations. Secondly, they use a polycentric strategy that employs local people as labor force and adapts the human resource practices of the host nation. The third one is a geocentric strategy, which only focuses on talents of the employee and adopts human resource practices, which are operational and resourceful irrespective of the nationality. All strategies have their weaknesses and strengths that ar e applied as per the business type, the strategy of the organization, the leadership, and the experiences of the organization regarding diverse strategies. The international groups can use traditionally sensitive and adaptive practices of human resource management for generating a modest advantage in foreign tasks. In an effort to discover novel markets and prospects, international corporations are adapting to practices of human resource management across diverse borders.

Applying International Trade Concepts simulation and economics Research Paper

Applying International Trade Concepts simulation and economics - Research Paper Example Consequently, parties to an international trade require a globalized perspective and an approach that can manage the complex regulatory environment of international trade. The diversity challenge also extends to culture that require cultural sensitivity, cultural awareness, and collaborative measures for effectiveness. These issues are however absent or are less significant in domestic trade environments. International trade regulations also form another issue in the trade because of required compliance. Parties must therefore have knowledge diverse regulatory frameworks (Selivanova, 2011). Economic environment is another significant issue that surrounds international trade. Factors such as an economy’s gross domestic product, â€Å"inflation, per capita income, and disposable income† are significant to viability of a business in an economy and in comparative analysis to determine the best economy to conduct business in or with which to conduct business (Singh, 2009, p. 43). Political environment is another issue affecting international trade, includes factors such as stability and perception towards foreigners, and determines a country’s level of attractiveness to investors. Availability of technology and of resources is another issue surrounding international trade. A party to international trade will therefore consider these factors before making a decision to venture into international trade and on which location to

Fostering Teacher Student Relationship in Nursing Essay Example for Free

Fostering Teacher Student Relationship in Nursing Essay The teacher student relationship is very important for children. Children spend approximately 5 to 7 hours a day with a teacher . We ask ourselves what is considered a good teacher? All of us have gone through schooling, and if fortunate had a favorite teacher. A positive relationship between the student and the teacher is difficult to establish, but can be found for both individuals. The qualities for a positive relationship can vary to set a learning experience approachable and inviting the students to learn. A teacher and student who have the qualities of good communications, respect in a classroom, and show interest in teaching from the point of view of the teacher and learning from a student will establish a positive relationship in the classroom. I will be focusing on the relationship between a nursing student and teacher, involving a setting of classroom and at the clinical settings which I have found to be extremely important for the student to gain a positive attitude towards their profession for the rest of life. Each student has different strategies for learning and achieving their goals. A few students in a classroom will grasp and learn quickly, but at the same time there will be those who have to be repeatedly taught using different techniques to be able to understand the lesson. Also, there will be students who roam around and use college as entertainment. They won’t like our instructions or policies. Teaching then becomes difficult, especially if there is no proper communication. Like wise the student disruptions may occur in classes that are poorly organized and managed where students are not provided with appropriate and interesting instructional tasks. The main thing teacher can do is continuously monitor the student in order for him or her to be aware of any difficulties that he/ she is having. Understanding the child’s problem, fear, or confusion will give the teacher a better understanding about the child’s learning difficulties. Once the teacher becomes aware of the problems, he or she will have more patience with the student, thus making the child feel secure or less confused when learning is taking place in the classroom. The same thing happens in clinics also. The students may face many problems in their clinical areas. Many of the students expressed the despair of having a wide practice-theory gap. Eventhough nursing students are learning many subjects in deep; they may be feeling that they can’t practice it all in the actual practice. They may be feeling that they are doing the very basic nursing care that even the nursing aids can do. In my student life I was sometimes observing the evaluative role of teacher, instead of teaching role. So teachers can avoid creating such situations by making the clinics a best teaching arena. A teacher who acts as a good facilitator or supporter at the clinical setting can easily enter in to the minds of young students and this will enhance the development of a hearty relation between these two parties. The student is also responsible for making the communication a positive one. They can approach the teacher for open their mind during their academic or personal crises situations. Of course a teacher is not going to understand every problem for every child in his or her classroom, but will acquire enough information for those students who are struggling with specific tasks. A significant body of research indicates that â€Å"academic achievement and student behavior are influenced by the quality of the teacher and student relationship† (Jones 95). The more the teacher connects or communicates with his or her students, the more likely they will be able to help students learn at a high level and accomplish quickly. Those teachers, who demonstrate respect towards their students, automatically win favor by having active learners in their classroom. The arrogant or offensive teacher will lack these positive qualities due to his or her lack of control over the children. Teachers should assert that they should also be treated with respect . Teachers can blend their warmth and firmness towards the students in their classroom, but with realistic limits. Teachers who are in a classroom might have experienced one time or other students who are disruptive or find learning boring. Teachers understand that if this behavior continues in the classroom and if they do nothing to prevent this from happening, the outcome proves to be disastrous for both types of participants. The student will conclude that his or her behavior is permissible, and will draw away from learning; therefore it is essentially important for the teacher to explain to the child the importance to learn. Though we understand that learning cannot be forced, learning becomes a process for an individual where he or she feels comfortable with learning whether it’s in a classroom or at clinics. Children in first year feel the urge to talk about their problems, fears, or even show their knowledge, but at the same time they want to be listened too. The student will feel valued and respected. Students feel happy when the teacher eventually gives them the option of contributing, or in other words the teacher asks for an opinion, which is usually not offered to the students. The teacher does not have to give up all their control, rather teachers share control with students and encourage interactions that are determined by mutual agreement. A close, but limited relationship between the student and teacher can be helpful for those students who are shy, and find speaking in front of the classroom difficult or children who have low self-esteem. The tension of these students will prevent them to develop the confidence they had always wanted, but never achieved due to not having a good relationship with the teacher. Therefore, how does a teacher hold a relationship that leads to effectively teach the children? The answer becomes clear when teachers interact with, and learn more about their students. Our first educational experience, which takes place in the primary years of our life, sets the principles for our future education. Having established a positive relationship with students will encourage students to seek education and be enthusiastic and to be in school. Remembering our favorite teacher will be recognized because they had at least in one way or another the qualities I discussed in this writing although we are not aware of it during the time we are in school, but teachers are well recognized at a later time of our lives.

Call of the wild report Essay -- English Literature

Call of the wild report "Buck was no ordinary dog. He was bigger than a wolf and smarter than any other dog that ever lived." This book is mostly about a fairly big dog who was strong mentally and physically, even though he only starts off as a regular pet. His name was Buck. From the start everyone thought he was special. This book is set in America starting in California and moving to Alaska, and except for the very beginning its mostly about how buck learnt how to live the life of a working sleigh dog and how to sleep outside in the cold snow and having to work extremely hard each day. In this book I thought the author lacked description as I found it hard to picture the characters for myself and of those I could imagine were from the pictures that came up every now and again. This book is mostly about the adventures of Buck gradually becoming extremely strong and powerful after working so hard and almost acting like a real wolf, and he even would be strong enough to beat a wolf at a fight. "Every movement showed that he was prepared to be either fierce ...

Destructors/the Lottery Compare and Contrast Essay

While the characters in the two short stories Destructors by Gramham Greene and The Lottery by Shirley Jackson had unexpected endings the characters varied in qualities, emotions, and motivation. Each story seems to reveal a surprising outcome and turn of events as their personalities unfolded. As the climax grew the outcome was not so predictable. In the Destructors the main characters were T (Trevor), the house, and Mr. Thomas (Old Misery). Trevor was the new recruit and was described as being very silent and reserved. The author begins to paint a picture of how Trevor’s life used to be. It stated that his father use to be an architect but is now a clerk as they have â€Å"come down in the world† (Greene). His mother had even viewed herself as being better than the neighbors. Trevor was very upset with the middle class and wanted to take his revenge and frustrations out on a nearby neighbor’s house, Old Misery’s. Starved with envy he concocted a scheme to destroy the house not just by vandalizing the property but by literally destroying it from the inside out until there was nothing left. It seemed as though no one really new Trevor and would have envisioned what he was actually capable of. The emotions, attitudes, and the behaviors of Trevor were intense as he was obsessed with destroying Old Misery’s house. His emotions seem to get out of control as Mr. Thomas ends up arriving home early and the rest of the Gang is ready to bail as the fear of getting caught presents itself. â€Å"Trevor yells that it is not fair. † This statement is very important as it now reflects and shows the drive and passion for destroying Old Myserys house. Blacke a fellow gang member agrees to stay and complete the tasks at hand. I thought that Trevor was very selfish for his acts. It was not right to destroy someone’s home due to envy. Later in the story he shows his compassion as he locked the Mr. Thomas in the shed and gave him some food and a blanket so that he didn’t starve or get cold during the night while they completed the job. The motivation behind Trevor’s actions was that he was upset that his house and lifestyle had been destroyed. Statements early in the story like â€Å"Wren built that house father says† reflects that T was in deep though regarding Old Misery’s house. At first the text didn’t reveal his thought and actions but as the story was told his actions were known. There are various events in the story that make you question his motivation as they find Old Misery’s money. Blacke asked Trevor was he going to steal and he says no that they were not thieves and end up burning it. It’s odd that you can view taking money as a thief but not find fault in destroying someone’s home. The fact that he even burned Old Misery’s money depicted this overwhelming need for Old Misery to experience the financial strain that he and his family was experiencing. Unlike the Destructors who had only a few characters there were many characters that made a brief appearance in the story. The author really didn’t go into great detail regarding one individual but provides just enough to set the foundation of each character. The main characters of this short story were Tessie Hutchens and The Lottery. Tessie Hutchens played a major role as I felt she was the protagonist in the story. Tessie stands out from the beginning as she arrives late to the Lottery. The fact that she was doing house work and almost forgot what day it was shows that she had very little concern. The emotions, attitudes, and the behaviors of that of the Lottery were very similar to that of the Destructors. The community carried out this horrible tradition without a second thought. Tessie was very selfish as she was willing to sacrifice her family to save herself. Everyone was well aware of the rules and regulations of this traditional event. Bill Hutchinson selected the slip of paper that would put his family in the drawing for the Lottery. But once Tess had won the Lottery she goes into a rampage and panics stating â€Å"You didn’t give him enough time to take any paper he wanted. I saw you. It wasn’t fair! † She demanded a recount and gave various excuses why they should start over. During her outrage and panic she goes as far as to suggest that her daughter and son in law should be included in the Hutchinson family. The proctor of this event states â€Å"Daughters draw with their husbands’ families, Tessie, and that â€Å"You know that as well as anyone else. † It’s odd that she didn’t think enough of the Lottery to show up on time but now that she has won the Lottery it’s a different story. At first glance you couldn’t tell the motivation of Tess. As it wasn’t clear as to what the Lottery was. At first the story had a sense of calmness by all involved It wasn’t until the end of the story that it was revealed what the lottery actually meant.. The fact that Tess was protesting the matter showed that it could not be a good thing. Her panic was created in the fear of her being stoned to death. She was also willing to break a tradition that had been conducted for over 76 years because she had won. As long as she didn’t win the lottery she had very little concern. But in the end everyone around her was eager to carry out the tradition and get on with their day. The reasons of this tradition were never revealed but it was conveyed that this was something that was carried out every year without a second thought. Both of these stories carried very unbelievable and disturbing situations. In some ways they were alike and in others very different. In the destructors it was a bit concerning that a young boy could have so much anger towards a house and be mad because of his situation. As a result he then passed on that anger and resentment to a fellow neighbor. The character Trevor seemed to not think about anyone else but himself. The story left me feeling sorry for Mr. Thomas as he now had no house and money. In the Lottery its questionable on how so many people could go along with such a horrible tradition and the lack that no one would even question the validly of it. It also showed that Tess was very selfish as she was willing to sacrifice anyone but herself. It makes you wonder how a mother could even fathom to put their child in their place for such a heinous act. In the end this reveals a scary side of human nature.

Case Study 1: What’s the Buzz on Smart Grids?

CASE STUDY 1: What's the Buzz on Smart Grids? 1. How do smart grids differ from the current electricity infrastructure in the United States? Current electricity grids do not provide any information about how consumers actually use energy. That makes it difficult to develop more efficient approaches to distribution. The current system offers few ways to handle power provided by alternative energy sources. Without useful information, energy companies and consumers have difficulty making good decisions about using energy wisely. A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using digital technology to †¢ save energy reduce costs †¢ increase reliability and transparency The smart grid enables information to flow back and forth between electric power providers and consumers and †¢ allows both consumers and energy companies to make more intelligent decisions regarding energy consumption and production. †¢ provides information that would help utilities ra ise prices when demand is high and lower them when demand lessens. †¢ helps consumers program high-use electrical appliances like heating and air conditioning consumption times usage systems to reduce during of peak usage. could possibly lead to a five to fifteen percent decrease in energy consumption. 2. What management, organization, and technology issues should be considered when developing a smart grid? Management: Information feedback would allow consumers to see how much energy they are consuming at any moment and how much it’s costing them. That would allow them to make better decisions about using appliances like air conditioners and furnaces. They could potentially lower their energy bills. However, governments and energy companies need to help consumers overcome the intrusive feelings associated with the technology.Dashboard monitoring software must be easy for consumers to understand and use. Organizations: There are many disincentives for energy companies ass ociated with smart grids. Operating budgets and profits would be severely impacted if consumers greatly reduced their energy consumption. Implementation costs would be extremely high, even with federal government assistance. Consumer backlash is already evident in the few experimental cases to date. Without properly structuring the implementation, that backlash could grow against the energy companies.Technology: Networks and switches for power management, sensor and monitoring devices to track energy usage and distribution trends; systems to provide energy suppliers and consumers with usage data, communications systems to relay data along the entire energy supply system, and systems linked to programmable appliances to run them when energy is least costly, are all expensive and time consuming to retrofit into all the homes across the nation. Basically, the entire energy infrastructure would require retrofitting. 3.What challenge to the development of smart grids do you think is most likely to hamper their development? Some challenges to the development of smart grids include: †¢ Changing the infrastructure of the entire electric grid across the nation †¢ Installing two-way meters that allow information to flow both to and from homes and businesses †¢ Creating dashboards that are user-friendly †¢ Extremely high costs of retrofitting the entire grid infrastructure, estimated to be as high as $75 billion †¢ Potential intrusiveness of new technology †¢ Perceived and real loss of privacy Potential economic impact on energy companies 4. What other areas of our infrastructure could benefit from ‘smart’ technologies? Describe one example not listed in the case. One example that could benefit from smart similar to the electric grids is monitoring water usage in homes and businesses. Smart technologies could allow water utilities and consumers to †¢ Monitor water flows much like electric usage †¢ Turn off lawn sprinkl ers during the heat of the day or based on predetermined schedules †¢ Use monitors in lawns and around plants and shrubs to prevent over- or under-watering †¢ Monitor evaporation rates Monitor fountains, and other water for usage pools, features of usage 5. Would you like your home and your community to be part of a smart grid? Why or why not? Explain. Yes, I would like my home to incorporate the new smart grid technology because it offers to save energy, reduce cost, and increase reliability. Understandably, there may be costs associated with this production such as maintenance, installation, etc. However, I would be willing to pay a little extra up front if I would be saving a lot more throughout its usage. Not to mention helping the environment would not be a bad incentive.

Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease Essays

Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease Essays Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease Essay Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease Essay 2002 ) . The survey shows that fleshiness is the possible forecast towards CHD ( 10 ) . Corpulent people tend to devour a high saturated fat of diet. As a consequence, the degree of cholesterin will be higher in blood. Excess of fat in the organic structure will overpower the ability of the enzyme lipase to breakdown lipid, therefore, taking to fat deposition on the blood vass and do the vass to be narrowed. The blood now needs a higher force per unit area than the normal force per unit area to go through through the narrowed arteria and this will do high blood pressure. Corpulent people tend to hold a high degree of glucose as good due to the damage of the insulin mark tissues that become less sensitive to insulin. Glucose will non be converted to animal starchs and they will go diabetic. A higher degree of glucose in the blood is called hyperglycemia and it triggers the changes at the cellular degree of vascular tissue. This will rush up the atherosclerotic procedure. Cholesterol will unite with lipoproteins to go around in the organic structure because it can non merely fade out in blood. Low-Density Lipoproteins: Bad ( LDL ) will transport cholesterin to the blood stream while High-Density Lipoproteins: good ( HDL ) will transport cholesterin back to the liver. Cholesterol is needed to supply protective coating to the arterias and its surrounding walls. However, excessively much cholesterin peculiarly in LDL signifier can take to atherosclerosis. Peoples that are corpulent will hold a higher degree of LDL and a lower degree of HDL. It means that there is a greater opportunity for cholesterin to be deposited and triggers the formation of plaques in the wall of coronary arteria. The plaque is an accretion of lipid, macrophages, and smooth musculus cells that will do the arterias narrowed and can decelerate or barricade the blood flow. Mechanical shear emphasiss like morbid high blood pressure ; and biochemical abnormalcies for case elevated and modified LDL and diabetes mellitus ; will take to redness of endothelial or disfunction. It causes oxidised lipoproteins to be more permeable and accumulate at the endothelial to organize lipid-laden froth cells. Cytokines will be released by monocytes, macrophage, or the damaged endothelium whilst collagen will be produced in a significant sum by the smooth musculus. They will be accumulated together in the endothelium ( 11 ) . Myocardial ischemia occurs when there is a deficiency of O supply and myocardial foods to the bosom. This status arises due to the obstructed coronary arteria. With sudden occlusion of a major arteria by an embolus ( plaque ) , the part of myocardium supplied by the occluded vas becomes infarcted and undergoes mortification. This part will represent a myocardial infarction. It is a slow advancement of Coronary Heart Disease ( 12 ) . Prevention and Treatment We need to hold a healthy life style particularly in our diet and organic structure fittingness. Smoking and small physical activity will increase the hazard of developing CHD. A balance diet should be practiced and nutrients with high-fat cholesterin should be reduced particularly fast nutrients ( 14 ) . CHD can non be cured but it can be managed efficaciously to better the operation of the bosom. Medicine can be one of the alternate ways to pull off bosom disease. For case decoagulants ( Coumadin ) , beta blockers with angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors, cardiac glycosides ( Lanoxin ) , nitrates, lipid-lowering medicines, low-dose acetylsalicylic acid, and clot-busting ( 15 ) . If the blood vass are really narrow, surgical processs can be performed to unblock the arterias. Amongst the present surgical processs are coronary angioplasty, coronary arteria beltway, bosom graft, and optical maser surgery ( 15 ) . Decision As a decision, it is clearly shown that fleshiness is a major hazard factor for Coronary Heart Disease. Apart from that, fleshiness is a strong independent hazard factor for other diseases as good. There is an association between the addition in BMI ( fleshiness ) and CHD. Even though fleshiness is merely portion of the hazard factor of CHD but it still plays a major function in developing CHD. Furthermore, research and development are still ongoing to develop a new intervention to handle bosom disease in the hereafter. Mentions: WLR Dietitian, Juliette Kellow BSC RD, Childhood Obesity, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.weightlossresources.co.uk/children/childhood_obesity.htm, 04 November 2009. World Health Organisation ( WHO ) , BMI Classification, hypertext transfer protocol: //apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp? introPage=intro_3.html, 04 November 2009. Anne Collins, Waist Circumference, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.annecollins.com/lose_weight/waist-circumference.htm, 31 October 2009. Anne Collins, Health Risks of Obesity, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.annecollins.com/obesity/risks-of-obesity.htm, 01 November 2009. BMJ Publishing Group, 2009, High Lipids, Low Libido [ Review: J Sex Med 2009 ; 6:1696-1703 ] . Student BMJ, ( 17 ) , 380, 04 November 2009. Caroline Wilbert: WebMD Health News, 31 October 2008, Obesity Linked to Erectile Dysfunction ( ED ) : Survey Shows Obesity-Related Conditionss Like Hypertension Are a Cause of ED [ Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD ] , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/news/20081031/obesity-linked-to-erectile-dysfunction, 28 November 2009. Department of Health, Coronary Heart Disease, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Coronaryheartdisease/index.htm, 02 November 2009 Mark C.Houston, 2009, CHD: Hazard Factors [ Review ] [ 281 refs ] . Handbook of Hypertension, ( 1 ) , 227, 03 November2009. Gareth Williams ; Gema Fruhbeck, 2009, Obesity and Coronary Artery Disease [ Review ] [ 216 refs ] . Fleshiness: Science to Practice, ( 1 ) , 300, 03 November2009. Parveen Kumar ; Michael Clark, 2005, The procedure of coronary coronary artery disease. Kumar A ; Clark Clinical Medicine, ( 6 ) , 798, 03 November 2009. Keith L. Moore ; Arthur F. Dalley ; Anne M. R. Agur, 2006, Coronary Artery Disease or Coronary Heart DIsease. Clinically Oriented Anatomy, ( 6 ) , 155-156, 04 November 2009. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Diseases and Conditions Index, What is Atherosclerosis? hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Atherosclerosis/Atherosclerosis_WhatIs.html,03 November 2009. National Healthcare Service ( NHS ) , Avoiding Coronary Heart Disease, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/pathways/coronaryheartdisease/Pages/Avoiding.aspx? WT.srch=1 A ; gclid=CKSuirHvrp4CFQ6Z2AodBWLYlQ, 28 November 2009. National Healthcare Service ( NHS ) , Treating Heart Disease, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Treatment.aspx, 28 November 2009

High School Social Studies Curriculum Plan of Study

High School Social Studies Curriculum Plan of Study High School social studies typically consist of three years of required credits along with additionally offered electives. Following is an overview of these required courses along with electives one might find at a typical high school. Sample High School Social Studies Plan of Study Year One: World History The World History course is obviously a true survey course. Due to time constraints, students typically get just a taste of the various cultures and their history from around the world. The most powerful world history curriculum is one which builds connections between world cultures. World history follows a progression as follows: Prehistory and Early ManFirst civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China)Greece and RomeMedieval China and JapanMedieval Era in EuropeRenaissance and Reformation in EuropeModern Era AP World History is the standard replacement for World History. This course is considered an introductory advanced placement social studies course. Year Two: Electives This plan of study assumes that only three full year credits are required in social studies for graduation. Therefore, this year is one in which students often take any desired social studies electives.This list is not meant to be exhaustive but instead representative of a typical high school. Psychology or AP PsychologySociologyWorld GeographyAP Comparative Government Year Three: American History The American History course differs in many locations. Some have American History in high school cover the time period beginning with the American Civil War while others have it begin at the beginning. In this curriculum example, we begin with a brief review of exploration and discovery before jumping into the colonial era. One of the main purposes of the American History course is to highlight the root causes and interconnections of many events that arose throughout Americas past. Connections are highlighted along with the dynamics of group interaction, the building of a national identity, the rise of social movements, and the growth of federal institutions. AP American History is the standard replacement for American History. This course covers topics that range from discovery and exploration through the most recent presidential administrations. Year Four: American Government and Economics Each of these courses normally lasts for one-half of the year. Therefore, they are typically placed together although there is no reason that they have to follow each other or be completed in a particular order. American Government: American Government provides students the basic understanding of the institutions and functions of government in America. Students learn about the foundations of American Government and then focus on the institutions themselves. Further, they learn about the ways that they can get involved and participate in government.​ Check out this  American Government Course Outline.AP American Government replaces American Government. This course typically covers the same topics as American Government but in greater depth. Emphasis is placed on interpretation, synthesis, and analysis of governmental policies and institutions.Economics:  In Economics students learn key economic concepts such as scarcity, supply and demand, and major economic theories. Students then focus on the way that the American government interacts with the American economy. The last portion of the course is spent on real-world applications of economic concepts. Students do not only learn basi c consumer economics but also details about savings and investing. AP Macroeconomics and/or AP Microeconomics replaces Economics. This advanced placement course focuses less on consumer economics and more on a typical undergraduate level of economic theory.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 32

Assignment Example With this concern, the assignment intends to establish certain methods by which Chile has been able to perform unilateral trade liberations successfully to the full elimination of quantitative restrictions and exchange controls. Trade liberalization of Chile could be classified under five stages of development process. Generally, unilateral trade liberalization technique involves the risk sharing mechanism. By deducting the interest of domestic political affairs, the unilateral trade relaxation may get blocked. The unilateral tariff cutback by a certain degree gets rid of this incompetence, but at certain situations, the factor concerning trade liberalization becomes more effective in the nation (Edwards and Lederman, 1998). Trade liberalization is duly considered to be one of the significant topics from the preceding two decades as a form of economic policy for the developing countries. It is worth mentioning in this regard that public-private partnership has played a pivotal role in framing the emerging economy for Chile. The reduction of tariff towards the import of goods aided the private enterprises of the nation to grow extensively. In the past, executing free trade agreement has always been a subject of conflict for the agricultural sector. Agricultural product has been the issue of dynamic export arena accounting for fifteen percent of total exports. The main contrast appears from the traditional inward thoughts of the people (Saez, 2005). The first stage ranged from the period of 1974-1978 and thus categorized by the reduction and the simplification of trade barriers. The second stage could be identified from 1978-1982, which reflected the picture of variation of its stabilization program. The third phase may be stated as the reversal stage that ranged from 1983-1985. It was the phase where Chile confronted severe

Overview of IS Audits (DB) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Overview of IS Audits (DB) - Research Paper Example Likewise, the primary output is to facilitate organizations for achieving goals effectively and efficiently (Information systems control & audit1999). The impact of Information Security audit is within the organization as well as outside. For instance, managers are more concerned on the return on investment that is achieved by optimal usage of Information Technology resources and services. In this way, the stake holders are satisfied. Moreover, there are labor unions that are keen to know how organizations utilize their IT resources and services. Information System audit overview highlights the requirement for control and audit of computers and networks, auditing of information systems, review of internal controls that are implemented to mitigate risks, evidence evaluation functions along with the consideration of information system audit foundations. However, for initiating an information system audit function, there is an association of several strategies that can be applied from i nformation system auditors. Likewise, these strategies define generic steps that need to be carried out for an information system audit (Information systems control & audit1999). The scope of information system audit do not focuses on the complete life cycle for the technological architecture that is under inspection along with accuracy of computing calculations. Likewise, the scope of an information system audit is linked with its objective. One of the examples may include the policy and its enforcement within the organization, the audit then cross checks the controls, processes and procedures addressing the policy. The audit report highlights the vulnerabilities, percentage of compliance with the policy and recommendations to mitigate risks, threats or vulnerabilities. An audit for active user accounts in the Microsoft Active Directory may incorporate crosschecks

Analysis of UK Economy in Comparison with Qatar Economy Essay

Analysis of UK Economy in Comparison with Qatar Economy - Essay Example This essay presents a brief informative analysis of the economic statuses of the United Kingdom and Qatar. These countries demonstrated high levels of economic development in recent years. Economic trends usually differ from country to another. Economists have developed several economic measures to determine which country is ahead of the other in terms of economic progress. The availability of goods and services to the citizens of the country and the affordability of the commodities may be used to know how the citizens are in terms of accessibility to the national income. Other factors that are looked at in determining the wealth of the nation in comparison to another include; health facilities accessibility and affordability, food, housing and other social amenities. The U.K. wealth is one of the best in the globe. The lifestyle of the people of the kingdom is desirable, and the state is ranked among most developed economies of the world. The wealth of the kingdom is also one of the oldest, aging back to the pre-colonial period. The country was thus able to amass wealth from the colonies and developed itself on various social and industrial sectors. There are various components of the UK that can be put into comparison with Qatar. During the economic meltdown that was experienced globally, the country sought to protect her banking industry and therefore was not strictly harmed. The country’s GPD is mainly supported by the natural gas investment. More than 50% of the GDP is obtained from this industry.

Theories of Therapeutic Alliance

Theories of Therapeutic Alliance QUOTE:- The therapeutic alliance is a key concept and quintessential variable whose importance is commonly accepted. It is seen as a multi-dimensional concept, emerging trends indicate four dimensions, namely: the patients affective relationship to the therapist; the patients capacity to purposefully work in therapy; the therapists empathic understanding and involvement; the client/therapist agreement on the goals and tasks of treatment. B. JUST 1997 Essay The concept of the Therapeutic Alliance has its roots in the seminal works of Freud when he began formulating his theories in respect of the various concepts relating to the phenomenon and dynamics of transference. (Freud S 1912). Freud began to refer to the concept in his early writings in different terms as a the therapeutic, working, or helping alliance which encapsulated the idea that a relationship between therapist and patient was important for therapeutic success. We note, in the context of this essay, that Freud’s opinion was that such a working arrangement was important but not essential for a therapeutic outcome. His early comments tended to refer to the â€Å"positive feelings that develop between doctor and patient â€Å" although, as his theories evolved, these concepts developed into more concrete forms. As is the case with most evolving concepts it was developed and expanded by a number of other notable figures. Zetzel looked at a number of different types of alliance formation (Zetzel E R 1956) and Greenson conceptualised this in a fuller form drawing a distinction between the real and adaptive forms of this type of relationship and drawing attention to the transferential properties and the possibility of the transference of fantasy in the adaptive elements of the alliance. (Greenson R R 1967) Working at about the same time as Greenson in the USA, Rogers characterised the Therapeutic Alliance in the terminology of â€Å"Client-centered therapy† and, for the first time in the literature, we find a reference to such an alliance being considered â€Å"essential† rather than â€Å"desirable† for the possibility of a positive outcome. (Rogers C R 1965). Rodgers referred to the Therapeutic Alliance as an â€Å"empathetic bond† which had to be actively developed by both doctor and patient and was an essential precursor to any form of exploration of the patient’s problems. Bordin expanded and generalised this concept further still and sought to increase its usefulness by adapting it to psychotherapy in all of its various forms. (Bordin E S 1979) and, in a seminal move towards Just’s analysis, proposed three elemental components of the Therapeutic Alliance, namely the identification of the goal, the identification of the task in hand and the formation of the doctor / patient bond of trust and empathy. In consideration of the title of this essay we should consider this analysis more fully. Bordin conceived of the Therapeutic Alliance as a totally bipartisan construction which required an equal (but different) input from both therapist and patient. This construction required the mutual identification and recognition of the shared goals that were going to be achieved together with an agreed and accepted delineation and acknowledgement of the various tasks necessary to achieve these goals and the bond which he saw as and â€Å"attachment bond generated primarily from mutual respect and empathyâ€Å". (Bordin E S 1979). It follows from this analysis, that Bordin conceived the Therapeutic Alliance not as something which arose spontaneously form the efforts and interaction of therapist and patient, but as the actual vehicle and mechanism by which psychotherapy worked. His attempts to apply this concept to the various contemporary forms of psychotherapy culminated with the realisation a nd articulation that the different forms of psychotherapy focussed in on, and exploited different aspects of the Therapeutic Alliance at different stages of the treatment. This finding is echoed in other writings. As we have outlined, the concept of the Therapeutic Alliance has its origins in the psychodynamic traditions of psychotherapy but has been embraced by the other traditions as well. Those theorists who are grounded in the cognitive school also acknowledge the establishment of a collaborative relationship between therapist and patient as an essential prerequisite to effective therapy. (Beck A T et al. 1979) More recent work as sought to quantify the nature and depth of the Therapeutic Alliance in the various disciplines. Martin’s tour de force on the subject is an impressive meta-analysis which sought to quantify the relationship between the strength of the Therapeutic Alliance and the eventual outcome of treatment. (Martin D J et al. 2000).His findings suggest that it depends how one quantifies the Therapeutic Alliance as to how strong the relationship is found to be. This is an area that we shall return to shortly. Horvath takes this point further with a similar meta-analysis across various forms of psychotherapy and comes to the conclusion that the impact of the Therapeutic Alliance is roughly similar in the different forms and the efficacy of outcome is directly related to the strength of the Therapeutic Alliance bond, irrespective of which particular mode of measurement is used. (Horvath A O et al. 1991). These issues, and indeed the thrust behind Just’s terminology of the Therapeutic Alliance as being the â€Å"quintessential variable are all totally dependent on just how one defines or measures the concept. It is clear from the discussions presented already that it is a â€Å"multidimensional concept†. One is certainly tempted to observe, from a brief overview of the literature, that it has at least as many dimensions as there are authorities writing on the issue. Although such a comment is superficially clearly bordering on the flippant, is can be taken at a much deeper level as a reflection of the fact that the Therapeutic Alliance is defined and measured by different authors in different ways. Historically the evolution of the ability to measure the strength of the alliance has evolved in much the same was (and to some extent in parallel) as the actual formulation of the concepts of the Therapeutic Alliance itself. (Luborsky L et al. 1983). In essence, a judgement of the extent to which one considers the Therapeutic Alliance essential rather than simply desirable, is dependent on the way that one either quantifies or measures it. If we consider the implications of this statement further we can cite comments by two authorities that we have quoted earlier in a different context. In their critical analysis of the role of the Therapeutic Alliance in the field of general psychotherapy, Horvath and Luborsky suggest that research is unlikely to provide guidance to clinical practice unless the relations between clearly defined therapist actions in specific contexts and the effect of these interventions on process or outcome can be demonstrated (Horvath A O, Luborsky L 1993 Pg. 568 ) The effectiveness of the Therapeutic Alliance is also demonstrably effected by other factors. In his book the Heart and Soul of Change, Miller (et al. 1999) puts forward the suggestion that what is of fundamental importance in establishing the alliance is not the persuasion, or theoretical background of the therapist, nor even how empathetic the therapist actually is to the problems of the patient (even if the criteria that one uses is how empathetic the therapist believes that they are being) but is actually the degree to which the patient believe that the therapist understands their own perceptions of reality. To quote Miller â€Å"It the client’s theory of change not the therapist’s that is important.† This thread of argument is taken further with Gabbard’s analysis (Gabbard G O et al. 1994) that the efficacy of the eventual therapeutic intervention, if measured in terms of transference interpretations, defence interpretations, and supportive interventions is ultimately dependent on factors that are therapist independent such as the strength of the patient’s ego, the state of readiness that the patient has reached in terms of their own self-exploration or elaboration, the current phase of the therapeutic process and even the timing within any particular session. Which implies that it is both dynamic and variable. If we consider the third of Just’s four dimensions, that being that the therapists empathic understanding and involvement is an essential prerequisite for the formation of the Therapeutic Alliance, then we can see that Gabbard’s analysis is clearly at odds with Just’s. It is fair to observe that Gabbard is not alone in his assertions as Sexton’s slightly later and incredibly detailed assessment of the status of the Therapeutic Alliance, came to essentially the same conclusions. (Sexton H C et al. 1996). A rather more controversial view is expressed by Kernberg who was admittedly considering the phenomenon of Therapeutic Alliance in the specific context of severe personality disorder (Kernberg O F 1994) and came to the conclusion that the Therapeutic Alliance has to be initially very strong to allow the possibility of negative transference in order for the therapist to sometimes avoid the possibility of either premature termination of therapeutic stalemates. To an extent, he vicariously supports Miller’s contentions by pointing out that the practical strength of the Therapeutic Alliance is largely independent of the therapist’s wishes if one is dealing with a patient who is angrily attacking or even overtly manipulating the frame and goals of treatment. He adds the comment that in these circumstances the strength of the Therapeutic Alliance is largely determined by the level of the patient’s intrinsic anxiety state. Perhaps this can be interpreted as an extension or perhaps a paraphrasing of Miller’s later suggestion. It therefore follows that if we are to agree or to disagree with Just’s original statement, we need to consider just how we can quantify the strength of the various parameters of the Therapeutic Alliance. This is no easy topic and the literature on the subject is vast. One of the first significant and serious attempts to produce some form of measuring tool came in the form of the Luborskys Penn Helping Alliance scales (Luborsky L et al. 1983). This had a number of serious shortcomings and was modified many times in the years immediately after its publication. The Penn Helping Alliance questionnaire was an offshoot of this collaboration and this evolved further into a 19 item scale. Many difficulties arose in the original tools because, to a degree they were dependent on the degree of benefit that the patient had already received from any previous attempts at therapy. A number of commentators made the suggestion that the tools, in order to maximise their applicability and usefulness, should be as independent as possible from the degree of benefit that the patient had already received. (Marmar C R et al. 1989). If we return to our consideration of Bordin’s tripartite assessment of the Therapeutic Alliance which can be considered a fundamental progenitor of Just’s model, then we can cite Horvath and Greenbergs Working Alliance Inventory (Horvath H O et al. 1989) as a useful tool to measure the Therapeutic Alliance in terms of the three subsections of the Bordin definition mentioned earlier. This is perhaps the best direct justification and support of Just’s hypothesis that we can find as Bordin’s threefold thrust of assessment is essentially the same as three of the four elements of Just’s and the fourth element that Just included of the therapist’s empathetic understanding and involvement as being an â€Å"essential prerequisite† of the Therapeutic Alliance, is largely dismissed by authorities such as Gabbard and Sexton who we have cited earlier. Clearly we do not presume to make a judgement as to which authority is essentially correct as we have to observe that the evidence base to support either view is not particularly strong. To return to the original thrust of the concept of measurement, we can state that authorities have regarded Horvath and Greenbergs Working Alliance Inventory as being highly reproducible and as having high levels of interrater reliability in both the 36 item and the shorter 12 item version. (Horvath H O et al. 1989) A degree of vindication for Just’s analysis of the Therapeutic Alliance can be found in the California Psychotherapy Alliance Scales (CALPAS) , which essentially measures the strength of the therapist / patient alliance as a multidimensional construct. It uses four subscales to assess the strength of the bond namely: (i) the patients capacity to work purposefully in therapy, (ii) the affective bond with the therapist, (iii) the therapists empathic understanding and involvement (iv) the agreement between patient and therapist on the goals and tasks of treatment. Which, in essence, cover the four basic premises of Just’s hypothesis. Like the other scales already referred to, the CALPAS scale utilises a 6 point Likert scale for each item. This particular scale has achieved wide acceptance in research literature with a good predictive ability which appears to be valid across the majority of psychotherapeutic disciplines including cognitive behavioural therapy (Fenton L R et al. 2001), psychodynamic psychotherapy (Barber J P et al. 2000) and across several other different treatment areas (Gaston L et al. 1991). It has been found to be especially useful among neurotic patients, but it does appear to be only a weak predictor of outcome with cocaine-dependent patients (Barber J P et al. 1999). In terms of the arguments set out earlier, we note that all of the scales that we have already cited have both a therapist rated and patient rated version as well as an independent observer version. If one considers the literature we can see that the patient self-reported versions tend to give better predictions of outcome than those reports that are therapist based (particularly when assessed early in treatment trajectory). This gives credence to Miller’s view that it is the patient ‘s perception of the Therapeutic Alliance which is the single most important prediction measure of outcome in the psychotherapeutic field. Thus far in this essay we have largely considered the presence of the Therapeutic Alliance as being a comparatively static modality which is either present or not. Although we have acknowledged some views that refer to its dynamic state, we should perhaps examine this in more detail. We have referred to the evolution of the strength of the Therapeutic Alliance as therapy progresses, but we should point to the fact that a number of authorities refer to the relationship of either the variability of the fundamental stability of the Therapeutic Alliance to a number of both clinical and empirical implications. (Hatcher R L et al. 1996). As long as three decades ago Luborsky wrote about the dynamic nature of the Therapeutic Alliance which was actively responsive to the dynamic and changing demands of the evolution of the various phases of therapy. (Luborsky L 1976). A further aspect of this dynamism is to be found in the writings of Bordin who, while acknowledging that the role of the therapist is generally one of support, noted that the role of the therapist tends to be the dominant factor at the beginning of the therapeutic relationship and this evolves into a more shared responsibility as goals and treatment plans are both articulated and defined. He writes that it is the inevitable cycle of the Therapeutic Alliance bond being strained, ruptured and then repaired that is central to the therapeutic process. (Bordin E 1980) Writers such as Gelso and Carter (Gelso C J et al. 1994) formalised (some would say stylised) the evolution of the alliance over the therapeutic interaction as involving â€Å"a weakening after an initial development, followed in successful therapy by an increase to earlier, high levels.† Other authorities have taken a more idiosyncratic view, which may reflect their own personal experience rather than necessarily an informed overview. Horvath characterises the typical trajectory as â€Å"an initial phase of development for the alliance, held to occur within the first five therapy sessions (and probably peaking during the third session), followed by a second, more critical phase, during which the therapist challenges maladaptive patterns, the effect of which is a weakening or rupturing of the alliance that must be repaired if therapy is to continue successfully†. (Horvath A O et al. 1994). In order to provide a balanced picture of the literature, one could also cite the opinion of Greenberg who appears to have a more philanthropic outlook when he describes the process of evolution of the Therapeutic Alliance in successful therapies as â€Å"either rising or holding a steady value over time†. (Greenberg L S 1994) In consideration of the evidence that we have assembled thus far we can state that the Therapeutic Alliance, in Just’s words, is clearly a key concept. We would suggest that the evidence points to the fact that not only is it a key concept but that it is both crucial and fundamental to the whole discipline of psychotherapeutic intervention. References Barber J P, Luborsky L, Crits-Christoph P, Thase M, Weiss R, Frank A, Onken L, Gallop R: 1999 Therapeutic alliance as a predictor of outcome in treatment of cocaine dependence. 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New York; Brunner / Mazel, 1976, pp 92–116 Marmar C R, Gaston L, Gallagher D, Thompson L W: 1989  Towards the validation of the California Therapeutic Alliance Rating System. Psychological Assessment:  J Consul Clin Psychol 1989 ; 1 : 46 – 52 Martin D J, Garske J P, Davis M K: 2000  Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: a meta-analytic review.  J Consulting and Clin Psych 2000 ; 68 : 438 – 450 Miller E A et al. 1999  The Heart and Soul of Change  APA : Detroit 1999 Rogers C R: 1965  Client-Centered Therapy.  Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1965 Sexton H C, Hembrek K, Kvarme G: 1996  The interaction of the alliance and therapy microprocess: a sequential analysis.  J Consult Clin Psychol 1996 ; 64 : 471 – 480 Zetzel E R: 1956  Current concepts of transference.  Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1956 ; 53 : 16 – 18 ################################################################ 11/01/07 Word count 3,493 PDG