Media Political Parties free essay sample

History of news media TV inclusion of U.S. legislative issues, discusses, battles, predisposition, equivalent access, publicizing. The media in the hour of the composition of the Constitution was an a lot littler and progressively meek organization. Today, the media has gotten overwhelmed by the electronic media, and particularly by TV, which has gotten amazing in manners not imagined by the Founding Fathers. TV has become the course of decision for political applicants, and this has adjusted the style of the political discussion, prompting the sound-nibbles and assault promotions that have been so censured lately. TV didn't embark to shape the political discussion and didn't expect to corrupt that banter as appears to have happened. It may be contended that the media needs power since it doesn't appear to be in charge of the abilities it employs, yet those capacities are themselves impressive and have affected how Americans act in decisions and between

Deregul;Ation Of The Electrical Industry Essay Example For Students

Deregul;Ation Of The Electrical Industry Essay Deregulation of the Electrical IndustryThe foundations of cutting edge guideline can be followed right back to thelate 1800s and found as antitrust. By the start of the twentieth century, the U.S. government had framed the interstate Commerce Commission to manage the railroad business, and presently, numerous other administrative commissions were established in the transportation, correspondence, and protections fields. The primary objective of these administrative commissions was to make a sensible rate structure that would be speaking to the two makers and buyers. While this framework has worked for a long time, it has as of late go under substantial analysis, with numerous individuals pushing for open rivalry among electric force makers. Albeit once accepted to be an inconceivable proposition, rivalry among electric force makers is at last a reality in a couple of regions. Massachusetts is only one state where enactment actualized to make rivalry among electric force makers isn't just preferred by the individuals of the state, yet has given critical rate decreases also. The endeavor at controlling cost in the electric business is an irksome one. The goal isn't just to limit the expense to customers, yet in addition to make a rate structure that will tempt the electric organization to stay in the business. The administrative commission needs the electric organization to have motivation to develop with the goal that they will have the option to give less expensive force later on. Be that as it may, if the commission catches all increases from d evelopment as lower costs, at that point the electric organization has no motivating force to embrace any kind of advancement. Subsequently, a trade off must be arrived at which would give satisfactory motivations to firms to attempt cost-decreasing activities while simultaneously guaranteeing that the cost for customers isn't extravagant. The term guideline alludes to government controlled limitations on firm choices over value, amount, and section and exit. Each factor of an industry must be controlled for makers and purchasers to genuinely profit. The control of cost doesn't mean setting one fixed cost, but instead involves the formation of a value structure for buying power during top and non-top occasions. The control of amount alludes to the legislatures endeavor to control the sum created or for this situation the measure of power delivered. For instance, in the electric business, it doesn't bode well to have a ton of little force plants produce power. Be that as it may, simu ltaneously one organization can not be permitted to corner the business and set costs at its own circumspection. Another factor in this issue is the control of section and exit in the electric business. By controlling who can enter the business, the administration can control who creates the power and the amount of it they produce. Be that as it may, the viability of guideline has started to be addressed, and made the advancement of a progressively serious market. Since the time the Public Utility Act of 1935, which thus made the Federal Power Commission, the job of electric utility guideline and its adequacy has been addressed. Since that demonstration was passed into enactment, the inquiry has consistently remained: has electric guideline had any kind of effect? Significant examinations done all through the twentieth century discovered clashing outcomes. An investigation distributed in 1962 and directed by Stigler and Friedland thought about the cost of power in states with guidel ine to the cost in states without guideline. In any case, at the time all states had electric guideline, so Stigler and Friedland needed to return to the 1920s and 1930s to discover states without regulationTheir finding was true to form. In 1922, the normal cost of power was 2.44 pennies per kilowatt-hour in states with guideline. In any case, in states without guideline, the normal cost expanded to 3.87 pennies per kilowatt-hour. While many would state that costs could fluctuate for reasons other than guideline, Stigler and Friedland controlled the examination of different factors and found that no huge distinction in cost existed. Different pundits felt that this examination was done in when guideline was simply beginning, and that controllers in the current day are increasingly powerful. Two different examinations which discovered various outcomes were those led by Meyer and Leland and another done by Greene and Smiley. In their examination, which utilized information from 1969 and 1974, Meyer and Leland used econometric appraisals of interest and expenses to discover speculative unregulated costs. Their decision was that the directed costs were fundamentally lower, however that even lower costs were requested. In a comparable report directed by Greene and Smiley, they found that unregulated costs were 20-half higher than genuine controlled costs. In spite of the fact that these investigations appear to arrive at resolutions that help guideline, the elective finding by Leland and Meyer that even lower costs were requested is by all accounts a sign towards open rivalry among electric makers. Before long, the pattern toward rivalry between electric makers started to develop. Life And Times Of Alexander The Great EssayHowever, despite the fact that the law appears to have a lot a bigger number of advantages than it does negatives, it has gone under ongoing analysis. Numerous rivals of the law feel it isn't doing its planned reason, and purchaser kickback was incredible to the point that Issue 4 asking whether the law ought to be canceled. An association called The Campaign for Fair Electric Rates, sponsored by bombed congressional competitor John OConnor and shopper advocate Ralph Nader, drove the push to cancel the law, considering it the greatest customer rip-off in Massachusetts history. The enormous issue engaged with the endeavored repeal was legislator reneging on their guarantee to secure shoppers by permitting utilities to recoup 100% of their awful speculations. Since deregulation will make a few utilities lose cash on interests in power plants or on contracts they made when they expected to continue selling power at a managed value, the inquiry becomes do they merit remuneration for these abandoned costs, which may approach $200 billion broadly? For example, utilities spent more than $5 billion structure the Seabrook atomic plant in New Hampshire, which produces 1,150 megawatts. Conversely, private designers have proposed in excess of 50 new plants, which joined would create 30,000 megawatts, and the expense of these undertakings is evaluated at somewhat more than $15 billion. The utilities contend that open controllers affirmed those costs and that the state can not retreat from them currently, expressing that numerous plants have just started to actualize the new law, including selling a large portion of their capacity plants. Canceling the law now, they contend, would make articulate confusion. In this manner, an arrangement was composed into the law taking into consideration utilities to recuperate the entirety of their abandoned expenses over a 10-year progress period. While defenders of the law were seeking after a 3 0% rate decrease, of which 66% would have originated from shoppers not paying for the greater part of the utilities abandoned speculations, they will currently need to agree to an ensured 15% rate cut, ideally with additional to come through rivalry. The inquiry now on everyones mind is: has the law filled its need and diminished electric rates? In an investigation done by Standard and Poors DRI entitled Economic and Environmental Analysis of the New Massachusetts Electricity Law, and discharged on September 2, 1998, it found that the new has activated generous financial and ecological advantages. As indicated by the investigation, electric rates will decay by practically 28% constantly 2010 as an immediate aftereffect of retail rivalry and industry rebuilding. The DRI, a moderate report when contrasted with others, predicts that customers will spare $470 million out of 1998 alone, and builds that gauge to in any event $550 million every year in future years because of the new law. Likewise, the investigation predicts the Commonwealth to accomplish higher financial yield and work development activated by the assessed $10 billion purchasers and organizations will save money on power costs. By 2010, there will be more than 60,000 additional occupations, a $19.6 billion increase in customers total genuine optional pay, and lower cost expansion. The entirety of this guaging seems to place the law in a good light, however many need to know how its functioning at this point. As indicated by the Massachusetts Electric Company, its 970,000 clients have spared a sum of $67 million on their power charges in the initial a half year of the new power law. On September 1, investment funds for the companys clients expanded to over 15%, or an all out reserve funds of $25 million every month, one entire year in front of the necessary rate cut. This was expected to the companys members selling their capacity plants. SummaryBy looking at the early consequences of the Massachusetts Electricity Law, alongside projections, for example, the ones gave by Standard and Poor, one can establish that the deregulation of the electric business has been long late. The deregulation of the electrical business demonstrates that any industry can and ought to be deregulated. It additionally demonstrates that opposition of the utility companys is to the greatest advantage of society all in all and that no industry ought to be permitted to exist without it. Financial aspects Essays

How to Cite Pokemon GO in MLA Format

How to Cite Pokemon GO in MLA Format (0) Ask students to have a little fun by making  them cite the most recent national craze: Pokemon GO. Apps have become a ubiquitous part of modern life. Just think of how many apps you use everyday in the classroom and at home. It’s probably not a stretch to think that someday a student will also need to cite one for a paper. I’m using Pokemon GO as an example since I love it (and who wouldn’t want the ability to use Pikachu in an assignment?), but you can have students cite any app using the same information below. For example, an app you use in school, like EasyBib (Android / iOS). Gathering Information Apps can be cited as software in MLA 7; you’ll use a lot of the same information to create a citation in MLA 8. Some details can be found on the app itself, but the bulk of information you need will be on the app’s page in Google Play or the Apple App Store. You will need the following pieces of information. The information I’m using for Pokemon GO is in orange: Author: Creator of the app. Format as: Last name, First name. Most apps will have only a company listed and no author. In those cases, leave the author blank. None Software/App Title: Title of the app. Pokemon GO Type: If it’s an app on your smartphone or tablet it is “Computer software.”  Computer software Website/Container Title: Where did you get the app? This is usually the “Apple App Store” or “Google Play.”  Apple App Store Version: What version did you view?  1.3.1 Publisher/Sponsor Name: Put the name of the company that produced the app. For the Apple App Store, it will under the “Seller.” For Google Play it will be under “Offered By.”  Niantic, Inc. Date Electronically Published: Last date the software was updated. Format it as: Day Mon. Year.  10 Aug. 2016 Date Accessed: The date you access the app when citing it. Format it as: Day Mon. Year.  16 Aug. 2016 URL: Add the URL of the app page in the Apple App Store or Google Play.   itunes.apple.com/us/app/pokemon-go/id1094591345?mt=8 MLA 7     This is the general format for citing software in MLA 7. I also recommend also using our EasyBib form for citing software for a guided way to create the citation. Overview: Author. Italicized Software/App Title. Type. Italicized Website Title. Vers. #. Publisher/Sponsor Name, Date Electronically Published. Web. Date Accessed.  URL. Actual Citation: Pokemon GO. Computer software. Apple App Store. Vers. 1.3.1. Niantic, Inc., 10 Aug. 2016. Web. 16 Aug. 2016.  //itunes.apple.com/us/app/pokemon-go/id1094591345?mt=8. MLA 8   MLA 8 uses one standard citation format for all source types. Here’s one way to cite Pokemon GO with the most commonly used fields in the new container format. Overview: Author. Italicized Title of Source (App Title). Container one version #, Container one publisher’s name, Container one date of publication. Title of Container Two, Container Two Location (URL). Actual Citation: Pokemon GO. Version 1.3.1, Niantic, Inc., 10 Aug. 2016. Apple App Store,  itunes.apple.com/us/app/pokemon-go/id1094591345?mt=8. If you have a particularly studious student, you can also have them cite individual articles in the Pokedex about their favorite Pokemon. For example: 001 Bulbasaur. Pokemon GO. Version 1.3.1, Niantic, Inc., 10 Aug. 2016. Apple App Store,  itunes.apple.com/us/app/pokemon-go/id1094591345?mt=8. - We have already begun working on EasyBib support for MLA 8, and expect it to be ready this fall. We recognize that some schools may take some time to adopt MLA 8, so we will continue to support MLA 7 as part of our offerings. Also, we have a collection of citations guides for MLA format in for both editions. Keep an eye out for this new style coming soon to an EasyBib near you!

Buddhism A Way Of Finding Peace Within Oneself - 1817 Words

Introduction: Buddhism is defined as â€Å"...a way of finding peace within oneself† (About Buddhism 2007). Buddhists work towards finding inner peace, kindness, and wisdom in all their practices in attempt to reach the ultimate goal of happiness (About Buddhism 2007). In this essay I will be discussing how Buddhism is practiced and taught through the process of, meditation, karma and its laws, the significance of the Buddha, and The Four Noble Truths, and finally what it means to be enlightened. Meditation: â€Å"Meditation is a means of transforming the mind† (The Buddhist Centre 2015). Buddhists practice and teach meditation to help enhance the concentration, clarity, positivity, and find a calming sense of the mind (The Buddhist Centre 2015). Buddhists believe that we have full control and power over our minds meaning that we have the power to change how we think and feel during situations through meditation. (ReligionFacts 2015). Buddhist’s believe dedicated meditation can encourage people to have a clearer, more positive, and peaceful world view. Buddhist’s believe people can alter negative perceptions of themselves and turn it into something positive through meditation/ (The Buddhist Centre 2015). The two most common forms of meditation are practicing Mindfulness of Breathing (Anapana Sati) and Loving Kindness Meditation (Metta Bhavana) (Dhammika 2015). Mindfulness of Breathing is using your breath as an object of concentration while meditating (The Buddhist CentreShow MoreRelatedBuddhism: Happiness and The Four Noble Truths1442 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose in life. In order to truly disperse himself in finding the end to his suffering, Gautama let go of a life of things and ambitions; anything felt to be permanent. Gautama’s renunciation of an unsatisfying existence is a great model for anyone following the Buddha’s path. Gautama himself tried to find a teacher to help him find peace, however; this proved ineffective (Haught 47). Therefore, followers of Buddhism must find the way to peace themselves. No one can help them in this quest. One hasRead MoreBuddhism Vs Hinduism : Hinduism1573 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism vs Hinduism Hinduism and Buddhism are two religions that are very open and tolerant of all people. They are religons that believe in acceptance of all and open-mindedness of other religons. Hinduism is the oldest religion on the planet that has been well established and still has a large following. To put it into perspective if religons were under 100 years old Hinduism would be 80 and Judaism and Christianity would still be in their 20s or 30s. Buddhism is also a long-standing religionRead MoreBuddhism : A New Way Of Life Without Materialistic Needs Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesreligious practice is Buddhism. Buddhism is the practice of finding peace within one s self by developing inner peace, wisdom and kindness. This practice dates back 2,500 years, and the founder is known as Buddha Shakyamuni. He was born a royal prince in a town called Lumbini; originally part of northern India but now makes part of Nepal. When Buddha was 29 years old, he retired from his royal life and left to the woods to follow the spiritual life of meditation. He found a new way of life without materialisticRead MoreBuddhism And Its Impact On Society Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pagesreligious practice is Buddhism. Buddhism is the practice of finding peace within ones self by developing inner peace, wisdom and kindness. This practice dates back 2,500 years, and the founder is known as Buddha Shakyamuni. He was born a royal prince in a town called Lumbini; originally part of northern India but now makes part of Nepal. When Buddha was 29 years old, he retired form his royal life and left to the woods to fallow the spiritual life of meditation. He found a new way of life without materialisticRead MoreThe Buddhist Religion And Its Move Into America1175 Words   |  5 Pagesentrance of most Chinese restaurants. Those statues seemed a little scary and some thought they should nod or rub the belly as they passed as a gesture of good luck. The religion has come a long way in the last twenty years. Hollywood celebrities such as Richard Gere and Tiger Woods and Nobel Peace Prize winner, the Dalai Lama, may have heightened the appeal and gave some prominence of this religion to the people of the West . The Buddhist religion and its move into America is a fascinating 2000Read MoreThe Philosophies Of Christianity And Buddhism Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesAbsract A worldview is the way an individual understands and processes the world and reality. Worldviews can be realized by answering seven questions. Most religions have a worldview that is unique to its belief system. This paper aims to compare the worldviews of Christianity and Buddhism, and their implications on health care. Important factors regarding care provided by those of other religions will be discussed. The common components to different religions, as well as the author’s personalRead MoreEssay on Comparing Christianity and Buddhism1675 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Christianity and Buddhism The task at hand is quite impossible, especially in a ten-page paper. I am about to compare two entire religions, that is two entire belief systems that certain individuals have devoted their entire lives towards; that generations have sought to follow, further, and protect with their lives. I will attempt to do this, but please bear in mind that my personal views will inevitably surface to a great degree and I will be prone to taking sides. I believeRead MorePlacing Focus On Its Titular Character’S Spiritual Journey1606 Words   |  7 Pagestheir answers that their journeys begin to diverge from one another. Over the course of their tales, it becomes increasingly clear that the path to enlightenment is not easily defined. Rather, it is one of complexity, that, like the practice of Buddhism itself, is a concept that requires careful thought and true wisdom in order to understand and appreciate fully. Siddhartha is first presented as the respected son of a Brahmin, living in ancient India. Enjoying an idyllic life alongside his bestRead MoreBuddhist People View Life And The World1521 Words   |  7 Pagesjust a believe but rather a way of life. The religion that we are going to be exploring and know the way of their life is Buddhism. Now whether you think of the Bodhi tree, the chubby man statue or the lotus flower when you hear about the religion of Buddhism just know that there is so much more to this religion then these symbols. In this essay I’m going to be discussing the many aspects that make up this religion in order to understand the main concepts of Buddhism. For starters, we are goingRead MoreThe Messages of Modern Buddhism1973 Words   |  8 PagesThe Messages of Modern Buddhism There are many messages of Buddhism, each practitioner of the discipline expresses and or focuses on different things and issues depending a great deal on their own personal journey as well as their idea of the journey they perceive others as needing. Therefore there are also many interpretive works that stress various main messages or key ideas to aide individuals in achieving their own spiritual goals. This work will look at three of those works, discern three

Franklin Puritan or Enlightenment Essay - 868 Words

Is Franklin a Puritan or Enlightenment Thinker About Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin came from a very simple Calvinist background. Ha dad little formal education, but he made it through his own efforts and became a rare genius in human history. Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace and he became almost everything: a printer, essayist, scientist, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, etc.-#161;#176;Jack of all trades#161;#177;. Enlightenment in America Toward the latter part of the 17th century, a complete new view of the universe came into being. With the publication of Newton#161;#175;s #161;#176;Philosophiae Naturalis†¦show more content†¦They thought that religious truth also should be tested by reason. This was a great challenge to the former thoughts. Man#161;#175;s reason and the idea of order became the watchword of the day. Everything fell into some order, like Newton#161;#175;s #161;#176;clock#161;#177; and all had a place in the divine plan. 3. Pursuit of Happiness People with enlightenment thinking turned to pursue the happiness of the present world rather than the salvation in the after world. They showed more interest in the practical subjects in the real world. They thought that the ultimate objective of man#161;#175;s life is the life, liberty and pursuit of life. This kind of thought stimulated an activist individualism which advocated that one should be responsible of his own choice and attempt unalienable Rights. All these ideas were very much in the air in America and no one represented them better than Benjamin Franklin. With Benjamin Franklin as its spokesman, eighteen-century America experienced an age if enlightenment, of reason and order like England and Europe. Puritan Heritage Though Newton#161;#175;s idea was very influential over the minds of the people in the 18th century, the Calvinist beliefs and tenets that man was, since the Fall, basically evil and enslaved by his sense of sin, and that God was all, and would in His mercy and love work for man#161;#175;s salvation, but as for man. All he could do (if ever there was anything he could do)Show MoreRelatedThe Puritan And The Embodiment Of Enlightenment1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe Puritan and the Embodiment of Enlightenment The dichotomy between a Puritan and a Rationalist seems to be very apparent. Despite the differences, the very existence of these two writers showcases the need for dissent to influence, and to always question the status-quo. Anne Bradstreet and Benjamin Franklin give a glimpse of the time period during the creation of their works. Many factors affect their writing: gender and the reason for writing, references to non-Biblical scriptures, and theRead MoreBenjamin Franklin As A Representation Of The Enlightenment1571 Words   |  7 Pages19 October 2015 Benjamin Franklin as a Representation of the Enlightenment The Enlightenment was largely a rational response to the 16th and 17th century Scientific Revolution, as well as major developments in philosophical thinking, such as ideas proposed by Rene Descartes. During the Enlightenment, thinkers emphasize rational and critical ways of thinking, rather than the complete reliance on religion that had been previously accepted. In many ways, Benjamin Franklin was the human embodiment ofRead MoreJohn Smith And Walt Whitman Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagesnot as an extension of god, but as a way to learn about ourselves and the world. opposition to romanticism. Three writers between these two time periods, Jonathan Edwards, Benjamin Franklin and William Cullen Bryant each have a different worldview based on their background and provide a transition between the Puritan and Realism movements. John Smith came to the new world with the Virginia Company in order to colonize the land and to start a new, economically successful life. Although he didn’tRead MoreThe Puritans, And Anne Bradstreet And Mary Rowlandson1040 Words   |  5 Pagescontrast can clearly be seen within the values of the Puritans and those of founding father and political theorist, Benjamin Franklin. Comparing the elements of language and views of Puritan writers Anne Bradstreet and Mary Rowlandson with those of Benjamin Franklin’s in his autobiography, a stark contrast is revealed in the three major aspects of morality: the purpose of achieving virtue, the concept of self- improvement, and the concept of evil. Puritans such as Anne Bradstreet believed profoundly inRead MoreAmerica, A Country Built On What? Slavery?938 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the beginning of the development of Puritans to the U.S. constitution embodying the laws and basic rights of American citizens. During the 1620’s, Puritans, a group settlers of English Reformed Protestants that advocated to cleanse the Christian salvation. The Puritans wanted to remove themselves from the Roman Catholic Church because of their religious beliefs of what is right. The Puritans left England to purify themselves and worship freely. The Puritans embarked on a territory known as NewRead MoreEssay about Individualism in History1061 Words   |  5 Pagesout the most were Puritans who thought that everyone was equal and should do their part to help their community. There were, also, the Deists who believed that everyone was a part of a bigger picture than what was actually seen. Not one of the proclaimed Deists strove to be different from the other, always conforming to what was around him or her. During the 18th century, there were two men who could not be more obviously different than Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin. Although they hadRead MoreBenjamin Franklin : Self Improvement9 23 Words   |  4 PagesSelf-improvement Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston into a traditional Puritan household and he grew up in morals and ideas of America’s first European settlers that affected Franklin when he is a child. â€Å"My parents had early given me religious impressions, and brought me through my childhood piously in the Dissenting way.† and â€Å"†¦ my mind with regard to my principles and morals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Page 43) He lived in a time of tumultuous changes that his character and thought were shaped by a blending of Puritan heritage andRead MoreScience Fiction Influenced Teachings of Enlightenment thinkers, Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, and Nicolas de Condorcet805 Words   |  4 Pages Enlightenment thinkers, Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, and Nicolas de Condorcet were influenced by teachings of the Scientific Revolution. Reason and logic were used to dissect what was good and valuable apart from what was tyrannical and unable to be proven from the old teachings of philo sophers and religion. It was this process of reason and logic that gave these thinkers the confidence in man’s intelligence and potential to improve that showed up in their writings. According to ourRead MoreBenjamin Franklin And John Winthrop1651 Words   |  7 PagesBenjamin Franklin and John Winthrop, men with different ideals, present the same notion that America should be presented as a â€Å"city upon a hill.† Franklin believed that the American dream should be presented as an ideal where men and women are equal and can both move up in social class on their own, practicing any religion they desired. On the other hand, Winthrop believed that the new world was a religious safe haven only for the Puritans. American Exceptionalism was overall the main focus, guidingRead Morereligion in the colonies773 Words   |  4 Pagesof the thirteen colonies had established churches. Having an established church meant you paid taxes for the support of that church whether or not you were a member. The colonies with official state or established churches of the Congregational (Puritan) church denomination consisted of Maine, Connecticut, and Vermont. Colonie s that remained a part of the original Church of the England were Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and New York. John Calvin had a major influence

History Part B Free Essays

Controlled assessment part b i. Representation 1 is from the The English Police Force; A Political and Social History written by Clive Emsley, published in 1991. It suggests that the police were ineffective at stopping/preventing major crimes such as robbery. We will write a custom essay sample on History Part B or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, they were effective at stopping minor crimes in the local community. Representation 2 is A Plaint by a P’liceman, a poem published in Punch magazine in the late nineteenth century. It also suggests that the police were ineffective at stopping/preventing major crimes and that limited the effectiveness of the Police. However, the representation also suggests that the police were effective at stopping/preventing minor crimes but that was seen as ‘stop[ing] little boys from playing ball’. Representations 1 and 2 have a number of similarities. First of all Rep 1 and 2 portray the negative attitude towards the Police. This is shown by ‘belief among many of the working class that there was a law for the rich and another, harsher law, for the poor. In some areas, they allowed fights and other law breaking activities, which they would’ve acted against elsewhere’. From representation 2, i can spot that it agrees with representation 1 as it says ‘’The street’s re quite unsafe’ they say, You’re robbed and mobbed in broad noonday But little boys they mustn’t play’’. Representation 1 also gives the impression that the Police were capable of preventing petty crimes but they differ in tone. This is shown by ‘what the police were especially good at, was apprehending those who committed petty street offences . Representation 2 is similar and i know this from ‘Stop little boys from playing ball, or move away an apple stall’. Finally, Representation 1 suggests that the police themselves were not to blame for their ineffectiveness. I know this from ‘The police never had sufficient manpower to suppress disorder entirely’. Representation 2 is similar as it suggests ‘ Well, if from growls you can refrain, it ain’t of us you should complain You’ve got thank SIR RICHARD MAYNE’. Representation 1 and 2 have a number of differences. First of all Rep 1 gives a negative view towards the police but it differs in attitude compared to Representation 2. This shown by the fact that Representation 1 gives negative view towards the police but it gives some positives of the Police, therefore giving balanced argument. However, Representation 2 gives a generally one sided view of the police, which is negative. The representation doesn’t seem to take into account the other side of Policing, creating a one-sided and biased view. Both representations differ in tone. I know this as Representation 1 gives an academic style, due to the language used. You must also take into account that it’s from a textbook. Meaning that it will have to be fair when creating a judgement of the Police. Representation 1 tends to use words such as ‘however’ and ‘although’. Representation 2 is wholly one sided being exaggerated. Emotional language is used, in order to build a negative view image of the police. I know this from the exaggeration and comparison of petty street offenders to boys ‘They bids me chivvy little boys’ In conclusion the two representations are mostly different as the first representation gives a balanced view making a conclusion at the end after evaluating all points. Whereas, the 2nd Representation gives a negative focus and tone towards the Police without even considering the usefulness of the police. The main reason for this is Representation 1 concludes that ‘Although they[working class] may not have liked the Police, they realised that the police force were there to protect and serve the community’. By concluding in this manner, it shows that there is an understanding as to why the police are judged in a certain way but gave a reason as to why the Police were existent and that was to put order in society. Whereas, Representation 2 portrays the Police as useless when considering all the crimes that the Police should prevent. Representation 2 consider’s the Police as people who only put a plaster on the wound rather than healing the wound, in a sense. The downside for Representation 2 is that it is completely one sided which allows a lot of criticism to be made. The most important areas of difference is the tone and focus. I say this because, there is a clear difference because of the tone and focus. Representation 1 is a formal and factual piece focusing on all aspects of policing, thus, allowing the reader to understand the Police properly and leave the reader to make his own judgement. However, when it comes to Representation 2, the piece is informal and focuses only on the negative aspects of the Police. The piece doesn’t allow the reader to make his own judgement fairly. How to cite History Part B, Papers

Work group and team respect to Management - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Work groupand team respect to Management. Answer: Introduction The last few decades have noticed a remarkable change in the organizational work groups and teams, all across the world. Even though there are some strategic, technological and economic imperatives driving the whole transformation, one of the most compelling factors has been the ongoing shift of organized works around the individual jobs to the team based working structures. According to Adams (2014), the ever increasing global consolidation, innovation and competition create a pressure upon the emergence of the teams as a building block of the organizations. Such pressures assist in driving a need of diverse skills, experiences and expertise. They help in necessitating more adaptive, flexible and rapid responses. Work groups and teams enable such characteristics. Moreover, many organizations operate globally through mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, expansion and more, which helps in increasing the importance of mixed culture teams as well as cross cultural work groups. In addition to this, advanced communication and computer technologies have been successfully providing new and innovative tools for linking the individuals better with their teams as well as enabled the teams to be virtual in nature, that is, distributed in space and time. The purpose of this report is to discuss about the relationship between work groups and teams with conflicts and negotiation. The company selected is Microsoft, in order to understand the workgroups and conflict management. The report highlights the benefits and drawbacks of working groups or teams in association with conflicts and negotiation. Different topics like team composition, team effectiveness and processes, team motivation and leadership, team socialization, development and formation and lastly team conflicts and negotiation. Moreover, the work teams or groups generally comprise two or more individuals. They share common goals and objectives and perform organizationally relevant assignments. In addition to this, the work groups or teams are encouraged to interact socially and responsibly. Ineffective communication can lead to team conflicts, which mar the progress of any organization. Literature review Background of the Company Microsoft Corporation is one of the leading American multinational technology companies, which is best known for software products. Headquartered at Redmond, Washington, the company manufactures, develops, supports, sells and licenses computer electronics, computer software, personal computers and other services. As of 2016, the company is recognized as one of the most valuable companies and the largest software maker of the world (Microsoft.com 2018). Management In an organization, managing and leading people are regarded as an important factor. Managing is associated with leading and a significant part of managing the employees includes guiding them to give their best performances. As per Alexanders (2013) opinion, leading and managing people are often identified with team work, as effectively leading a team can yield better outcomes. Managing an effective work team or group is both immensely simple as well as difficult at the same time. This is the fundamental reason why majority of the team members face difficulties in getting the task execution, relationships and interaction right. On a whole, the success of a team is completely dependent on these particular factors (Li and Lams 2013). However, like every coin has two sides, working in a team can be both advantageous and disadvantageous as well. In many organizations, work groups perform so well and in some, they remain dysfunctional. According to Belbin (2012), each and every team members carry a baggage with them, for good and for ill. Given the complicacy of forming a team, developing an interaction procedure can help in having an effective as well as efficient functioning team. Block (2016) opined that work teams can succeed to a huge extent if they are provided with proper support and appropriate nurture. In addition to this, a number of diverse individuals work with different life and work experiences along with different success degrees for covering a new aim or mission. Such an approach can prove to be beneficial for any organization. Microsoft Corporation on work groups and teams Microsoft Corporation is the worlds largest software maker and has been successfully leading the segment. According to leaked information, it is found that the employees are quite happy, working in groups or teams, which in turn benefit the workplace. It has contributed a lot to the organizations overall development. Working a team is considered to be immensely crucial for the effectiveness of the Microsofts business. The company current chief executive officer, Satya Nadella mentioned that it is highly important that each and every team members are working in groups by giving their best under any situation. An effective work team comprises individuals who try to cooperate with other team members, by using their abilities and skills and also giving a constructive feedback, barring the team conflicts. According to Coghlan and Brannick (2014), work teams or groups must have a common goal or mission, which is agreed upon by all the team members. The clarity of the team is reinforced at certain times, when the organizations have crystal clear prospects and expectations from a specific teams work, accountability, outcomes and goals. Cummings and Worley (2014) mentioned that a work group or team can create a specific environment of working, where the members of the teams will be able to cope up with reasonable risks in advocating positions by taking necessary actions as well as communicating with other team members. Most importantly, team members must be able to trust each and everyone in the group. However, Daft (2012) stated that there are several disadvantages as well, while working in a team. Ineffective communication among the members of a team can lead to the downfall of any company or organization. In such cases, the leader of the organization needs to take full care of the employees, so that they can share their issues and opinions, without any hesitations. Microsoft Corporation consider its team members to be a unique group of individuals who work together and contribute a lot to the organizational success, with their exceptional opinions, knowledge, points of view and experiences. The CEO of the company believes that the work teams do not behave, but the individuals do. However, they do so because they create a team level phenomenon (Katzenbach and Smith 2015). The individuals are often nested within the teams and the groups are linked to a bigger multi level system. This hierarchical coupling and nesting is a major characteristic of the organizational systems, which necessitates the usage of multiple levels, that is, individuals, teams, higher level context and others. This is done in order to gain an understanding and investigating the overall team phenomena (DuBrin 2015). As per Microsofts CEO, the overall purpose of the team formation is considered as an important factor for taking full advantages of the differences in them. In fact, the more a work group is able to bring out different factors, the better it can be presented as well as supported with the facts and evidences. Moreover, Nancarrow et al. (2013) mentioned in one of his researches that innovation, different points of view and creativity are always expected and encouraged by the team and organizational leaders. At times, team members have a tendency to raise issues and comment that we have already done it in this way, or what a stupid concept; this will not work, anyhow. It is immensely crucial that the team members change such mindsets. Leaders of the organization should not support or encourage such statements. In Kozlowski and Bells (2013) opinion, for improving or motivating team spirit, the organizational leaders should create something innovative and exciting as well. However, a work team or group must be able to examine themselves constantly and continuously improve their processes, interactions and practices with other members of a team. Nytimes.com (2017) suggests that such practices will help in introducing diversity among the procedures and policies of an organization. In addition to this, work teams must hold regular meetings for assessing the team members competencies as well as in-competencies. Furthermore, the leaders of the organization must support and encourage the team members to work better and give their best. It is evident that if the team members receive adequate commitment and support from the leaders, they will have an interest to work for the betterment of the organization. According to Thetimes.co.uk (2017), for accomplishing and communicating the progress and success of the team, organizational leaders should provide the team members with constant support and motivation. Work teams and groups make high quality decisions together, and with adequate support and motivation from the leaders, they can yield better outcomes for the company. If a work group gets all the organizational factors correct, they can lead the organization to its betterment. In Turners (2014) opinion, if the team members get all the success ingredients correct and incorporate those in a right manner, the organization will succeed to a huge extent. In addition to this, organizational leaders can conduct several events and corporate gatherings for gaining an understanding of the team members issues. As per Alexanders (2013) opinion, work teams and groups are embedded in the context of an organization and the teams enact the context for their respective team members. The broad area of the organizational context is characterized by the structure, leadership, technology, climate and culture, which drive the teams and in turn, influences their response. The teams also present a specific proximal context for those individuals who construct them. The work teams and groups tend to operate in an interactive context, which are created by virtue of their responses, interactions and attributes. Team level shared perceptions; normative expectations as well as compatible knowledge are commonly generated by the individual interactions. The dynamic team processes create a contextual structure which constrains subsequent team procedures or processes. Galegher, Kraut and Egido (2014) opined that, a team context is generally considered as a joint product of both the top down as well as bottom up influences. Currently, with the ever increasing globalization, the organizations and companies are changing their way of working. Such working styles and natures have helped in yielding new team types on the basis of culture. Those aspects are; cross cultural, transnational, mixed culture, virtual teams and others. For instance; the overall challenge of the cross cultural and mixed cultural teams is to break all the barriers related to different cultural assumptions, fundamental values, stereotypical thoughts and others. This will help in successfully coordinating as well as jointly performing within the group, by maintaining peace and harmony. For instance, Adams (2014) presents a particular model of intercultural relationships, in which he specifies how the individuals and work groups are affected by higher level relationships, while interacting. Essentially, the interactions within the individuals or work groups are highly affected by their cultural factors and identities and relative standing, which are immensely crucial for team interaction. In addition to this, Daim et al (2012) suggests that the variation in the work groups help in dealing with higher level linkage and affects the overall quality of group interaction as well as potential group effectiveness. Identifying these factors can help in designing a specific working environment as well as operational segments, which will further improve the team effectiveness for various team or work groups. Conflicts and Negotiation In Blocks (2016) opinion, it is true that work teams or groups offers the employees with various advantages, however, there are few pitfalls as well, which mars the organizational growth or progress. Organizations need to be aware of such pitfalls, at the time of implementing a working spirit among the work groups or teams. Firstly, the most important thing is unequal participation of the work teams. Members of the team have a tendency to let others work, while they just sit and rest. This causes workplace conflicts which in turn, mars the progress of the team work. Rue, Byars and Ibrahim (2012) recommended that in such cases, it is the duty of the business owners to recognize the efforts of the team members who were responsible for the tasks completion. At times, the business owners fail to understand the team members efforts and admire the whole team for their success. Such issues can give rise to conflicts among the members. Taking full care of these factors can prove to be beneficial for any company; otherwise it will hamper the overall team morale. Another important factor, as mentioned by Hoch and Kozlowski (2014) is that some of the workers have a tendency of working alone. They cannot function well as a part of the work team. These individual workers can excel if they work alone, but when it comes to team work, they are regarded as loners. This results in workplace conflicts, which are not easy to handle. In addition to this, these individual workers may face certain issues while fitting into the environment and culture of the organization, which results into utmost dissatisfaction. If such issues are not handled carefully and appropriately by the organizational leaders, it may lead to conflicts among the work groups. According to De Wit, Greer and Jehn (2012), the work teams and groups can also limit the creativity of team members and innovative thought processes. Working in a team can restrict the team members thinking procedure and at times, the members are so engrossed in team works that they forget to impose their creative opinions and ideas. They try to fit in the concept of work groups, but at times, when they cannot fit, it gives rise to conflicts. It also results into the lack of innovative thought processes. Moreover, these factors prevents the organization to move forward and results into stagnation. In such cases, work teams or groups can take a bit longer time to yield proper results or outcomes. Hoch and Kozlowski (2014) mentioned that generating a work group may require certain processes that include the selection of team members, organization and socialization, in a way which will help in completing the tasks in hand. Team formation can also result into some added expenses as they tie up enormous resources like money, equipments and manpower. In addition to this, Bendersky and Hays (2012) mentioned that when a work team or group is selected for working on a common target or mission, some internal conflicts may occur. This usually happens when different members of the team raise various opinions and views. Contrasting personal styles as well as thought processes may clash and the members of the team may have issues in accepting those. Peer pressure, ego and other factors comes into play, which gives rise to team conflicts. Moreover, such conflicts will hamper team morale and in turn, mar the progress of work groups or teams. De Church, Mesmer Magnus and Doty (2013) mentioned that in team work, there remains a chance of indulging into a blame game at times, when things go in a wrong direction. It usually happens when crisis takes over team performance and the leaders face difficulties in identifying the team members in-competencies. Several times, the team members often resort to the blame games in order to save themselves from troubles. Such issues can even cause among the best of friends. It affects the organizational progress and in turn, gives rise to workplace conflicts among the members. Individual workers often feel reluctant to work in groups for avoiding conflicts. According to Bendersky and Hays (2012), organizational leaders must be aware of such issues and take necessary actions in order to negotiate with the members. For instance; taking Microsoft Corporations case into consideration, it is found that the company is facing a decline in their sales, which hampered the productivity of the company. The CEO of the company found out that the sole reason for this is lack of communication among the employees, which gave rise to workplace conflicts. He understood that communication plays a major role in resolving workplace conflicts. However, it is considered as both the cause as well as remedy of work groups conflicts. He felt that it is immensely crucial for the team members to gain an understanding of how to communicate efficiently and effectively among the work groups. He started conducting training sessions for imparting knowledge on communication as well as conflict resolution skills, in order to create peace at the workplace. He believed in Blocks (2016) opinion of recognizing and addressing the factors can help in reducing the conflicts and in turn, increase the productivity of the workplace. He applied that theory and saw great change at the workplace. According to De Wit, Greer and Jehn (2012), the common sources of workplace conflicts are unclear definition of responsibilities and duties, limited resources and conflicts of interest. In some occasions, team members fail to divide or segregate their duties or responsibilities within the team. This leads to workplace conflicts and if the organizational management fails to take necessary actions, this will mar the teams productivity. Moreover, limited resources like time, money, space, materials, equipments and supplies are considered to be very crucial and immensely necessary for the overall development of the organization. Competition for these resources may lead to interdepartmental and interpersonal conflicts. In addition to this, individual members may consider their personal goals to be more important and forget about the common organizational goals, which is very dangerous for organizational development. Such factors can lead to severe consequences and in turn, hamper the future of the organization. Apart than all these, Bradley et al. (2012) suggested that working in a group or team is immensely important for the success of the organization. Team members must learn to cooperate with other members and communicate effectively. It is immensely crucial for each and every work groups to take part equally and the tasks must be distributed evenly. However, adoption of such procedures will enable a team spirit among the members. In addition to this, Carton and Cummings (2012) mentioned that organizational leaders should be more aware of such issues. If they find out that some members are man-handling the problems, necessary actions must be taken against them. Therefore, it is the duty of the leaders to resolve the issues of the team members, along with their conflicts, in order to build a successful organizational culture and team morale. Conclusion To conclude, while forming a team, the leaders of the organization must be able to gain an understanding of the team members competencies and in-competencies. Moreover, the behaviors and attitudes of each and every member need to be taken into consideration. It is to be kept in mind that ineffective communication among the work groups can lead to severe consequences later, which in turn, will mar the progress of the organization. In addition this, the members of the team must be provided with proper trainings and education on team work. This will help in getting better results. Furthermore, it is evident from the overall report that the team leaders must not let anything hold their respective teams back. They must lead their teams to success. Different work teams and groups have some specific expectations and requirements, which needs to be addressed and acknowledged. At times, it may even occur that a team member may outshine the rest. These factors may create a communication gap among the team members and often cause negative consequences. In addition to this, performing in a dysfunctional group can become a source of enormous stress. None of the team members will succeed if the overall work team is inefficient and ineffective. Furthermore, the criteria of meeting basic requirements also come into play. Therefore, it is highly recommended that all the organizational leaders must implement as well as incorporate certain plans and strategies in order to have a successful work team or group. References Adams, S., 2014. The 10 skills employers most want in 2015 graduates.LEADERSHIP,11, pp.43AM-84. Alexander, K. ed., 2013.Facilities management: theory and practice. Routledge. Belbin, R.M., 2012.Team roles at work. Routledge. Bendersky, C. and Hays, N.A., 2012. Status conflict in groups.Organization Science,23(2), pp.323-340. Block, P., 2016.The empowered manager: Positive political skills at work. John Wiley Sons. Bradley, B.H., Postlethwaite, B.E., Klotz, A.C., Hamdani, M.R. and Brown, K.G., 2012. Reaping the benefits of task conflict in teams: the critical role of team psychological safety climate.Journal of Applied Psychology,97(1), p.151. Carton, A.M. and Cummings, J.N., 2012. A theory of subgroups in work teams.Academy of Management Review,37(3), pp.441-470. Coghlan, D. and Brannick, T., 2014.Doing action research in your own organization. Sage. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Daft, R., 2012.Organization theory and design. Nelson Education. Daim, T.U., Ha, A., Reutiman, S., Hughes, B., Pathak, U., Bynum, W. and Bhatla, A., 2012. Exploring the communication breakdown in global virtual teams.International Journal of Project Management,30(2), pp.199-212. De Church, L.A., Mesmer Magnus, J.R. and Doty, D., 2013. Moving beyond relationship and task conflict: Toward a process-state perspective. De Wit, F.R., Greer, L.L. and Jehn, K.A., 2012. The paradox of intragroup conflict: a meta-analysis. DuBrin, A.J., 2015.Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Galegher, J., Kraut, R.E. and Egido, C., 2014.Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work. Psychology Press. Hoch, J.E. and Kozlowski, S.W., 2014. Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership.Journal of applied psychology,99(3), p.390. Katzenbach, J.R. and Smith, D.K., 2015.The wisdom of teams: Creating the high-performance organization. Harvard Business Review Press. Kozlowski, S.W. and Bell, B.S., 2013. Work groups and teams in organizations: Review update. Li, M.P. and Lam, B.H., 2013. Cooperative learning.The Active Classroom, The Hong Kong Institude of Education. Microsoft.com (2018).Microsoft - Official Home Page. [online] Microsoft.com. Available at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-in [Accessed 11 Jan. 2018]. Nancarrow, S.A., Booth, A., Ariss, S., Smith, T., Enderby, P. and Roots, A., 2013. Ten principles of good interdisciplinary team work.Human resources for Health,11(1), p.19. Nytimes.com (2017).How to Build a Successful Team. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/guides/business/manage-a-successful-team [Accessed 29 Dec. 2017]. Rue, L., Byars, L. and Ibrahim, N., 2012.Management: Skills Application. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Thetimes.co.uk, D. (2017).Teamwork is key to triumph. [online] Thetimes.co.uk. Available at: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/teamwork-is-key-to-triumph-70w3x5h38p3 [Accessed 29 Dec. 2017]. Turner, M.E., 2014.Groups at work: Theory and research. Psychology Press.

The Art of Having a Passion free essay sample

The blue paint, vibrant against the green background, sponges into blobs creating a rounded, multiple-pedals effect. As white is added to the very edges, just a tint, the colors slowly blend together. I dip my paintbrush in the bright, lime green paint and glide it from the bottom of the flower to the floor. I add a few more stems, then leaves, and then dip in the darker forest green and stroke my brush down each stem and the leaves, creating a shadow and a three dimensional illusion.One bunch of flowers down, covering about a foot of my canvas, 40 more feet of wall left to cover. Painting a mural for Peregrine’s Landing, a memory care home for the elderly, was my largest project. The outside cement wall I painted covered 50 feet of ground ranging from eight feet high, gradually decreasing to one foot tall. When completed, characters including a cat, some ducks, two deer, numerous birds, several butterflies, two bunnies, and a chipmunk or two decorated my mural, bringing life to the outside patio. We will write a custom essay sample on The Art of Having a Passion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although the final piece was impressive, completed after two weeks of hard work, it was the idea that I was making life a little bit brighter for someone, in this case, even a person who would not remember who I was or what I was doing there, that I found the most rewarding. My love for art started when I was small. I would watch my mom, a talented artist herself, sketch animals onto the driveway, her hands decorated with multiple different colors of chalk. My sisters and I called out creatures for her to create, and as I would watch her hands move, that same calling stirred in me as well. Years have passed since those days in the sun as a little girl, and as I grew, so did my talent. Entering high school, I recognized the power that my art could have on my community. Before I know it, I’m standing in a little girl’s newly designed pink room with her face beaming at every piece of furniture. My stomach tightens as she looks up and gasps at the center piece of her room, a large 3 foot by 4 foot painting of her dream horse which I had the pleasure of painting. Her smile triggered my desire to help others through my art. I began painting pictures as gifts for friends, organizing the creation of holiday cards for Yale New Haven Hospital, and eventually coordinating with Peregrine’s Landing to paint the garden mural for the residents. My town library provides me with endless opportunities to share my talent; hence, what started off as just a teen art show freshman year eventually became Cathleen Cole, the director of the Teen Library program, asking, â€Å"How do you feel about teaching an art class for kids?,† and in front of my own eyes, I began to shape a community all of my own. I like to follow the motto I created for myself a few years ago: pictures are stories of the past, art pieces are images of the future. Every time I work on an art piece, I am creating a future for those around me. I have strived to share my experiences and love for art with others. I finally realized that the size of my paintbrush does not matter, but rather it is the foot print I leave through my passion that matters. Art is how I communicate and connect with others for it is a language not spoken and yet has tremendous impacts on those around me. Most importantly, art allows me to create my own future, and improve others’. I am my own art piece.

Josh McDowell asks many questions in the book. What makes

Josh McDowell asks many questions in the book. What makes Josh McDowell asks many questions in the book. What makes Jesus so unique and different? What are some of the claims that Jesus makes these? How can one prove these claims? Is the Bible record accurate and correct? Why were so many willing to give up their lives to support what Jesus said? Why did Jesus have to die? What was the testimony of the apostle Paul about Jesus? What happened at the resurrection? Who was the historical Jesus? Is there only one way to God? Does Jesus change anything? Josh McDowell makes a strong argument for the historical Jesus.Josh McDowell states that Peter, Stephen, and Thomas all claim that Jesus is God. Mark and the other gospel writers claimed that he can forgive sin and that Jesus is the Christ. There is no evidence that he is a liar, he was willing to die for what he believed.American hard rock band members Josh McDowell (lef...

Court System and the Judicial Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Court System and the Judicial Process - Essay Example Appellate courts (ibid) accept the complaints on inappropriate decisions of lower courts and re-try them, i.e. hear and re-consider arguments and apply the law to the evidence which has already been confirmed. In these courts, decision-making is delegated to groups of judges (Ball and Cliffs, 1987). "Judicial federalism is the term used to describe the relationships between these independent court systems at the state and national levels, and the various ways individual cases can move between different court systems []The U.S. Constitution also allows for states to maintain their own individual court systems that derive their authority from state constitutions and state laws" (ibid, p. 102). Nevertheless, according to the Constitution Article III, federal questions are tried by the U.S. Supreme Court (Abraham, 1986), a highest U.S. court. The litigation system, adopted in our country, is also known as 'adversarial' system, since it is based upon the plaintiff's presentation of their dispute or problem to an impartial third person, who deals with finding and examining the facts. Another prominent characteristic of the U.S. court system is the obligation to pay litigation fees (approximately $150 for a civil case). As a rule, cases are resolved by the U.S.

Douglas Senatorial Debates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Douglas Senatorial Debates - Essay Example Lincoln was prophetic in leading the nation to the Civil War until attaining the basic privileges for Black. Firstly, the presence of good people to be governed is an important requirement of a strong government; the second condition is the availability of efficient and effective people who can rule over a mass population without any discrimination or bias; and further for easy and good governance, the government has to develop right qualities, values and skills in its people (â€Å"Good government†). Everyone must have equal opportunities to bring out one’s full potential. Disparity in treatment cannot be tolerated at any point of time. But the condition in America prior to the bloody civil war was really contradicting. Only a half of the population was regarded to be good people to be governed. The rest was not considered as citizens though their forefathers lived there even before the migration of the whites. The people who came to power were also in a disposition to treat them as aliens and slaves. The evidences of the prevalence of slavery even in the early half of the 17th century is available from the plantation economy of southern Virginia. Most importantly, slavery is considered to be the reason for American civil war. American civil wars mainly emerged from the southern part where the evil had been highly endemic. The issues that emerged prior to the civil war were due to the sectional conflict over the slavery issues. The southern part of America was always prospering while the north was in misery. It is the occupants of the north who strongly opposed slavery. As Elliot points out, slavery badly affected the general education in America. While the white people had quality education; the colored and the slave who constituted vast majority of the population was deprived of it. The deprived population was not aware of their rights until some of them got educated. Moreover, the principle upon which the relation between the master and the sl ave was entirely in conflicting with the principles of a free government (117-118). The mass population under slavery and harassment were much need of a new framework that would provide them a better say in all the spheres of the government. As Nosotro points out, subsequent to the emergence of two sections and conflicts in opinions, anti slavery societies were formed in North America and revolutionaries raised their voice publically against the cruelties and injustices inflicted on the colored; and in northern America, many religious groups tried for the abolition of slavery, for they could not agree with the idea of owning a person by another. They published newsletters propagating the idea of prohibiting slavery and giving freedom to the blacks. At this juncture, the downtrodden blacks realized that it was the right time for a combined rebellion. In a country where democratic principles are followed, every citizen has the right to take part in the parliamentary procedures. The pe ople’s rights are not determined on the basis of their caste or creed. Unless everyone is treated equally, there can be no good governance. The economical inequality between the Northern and the Southern states acted as another reason towards the sectional conflict. The states in the Northern part of America were industrially stronger. On the other hand, the Southern states were frequently depending on a single cotton crop. They

Vodafone Is A UK Based Telecommunications Marketing Essay

Vodafone Is A UK Based Telecommunications Marketing Essay In this case report we will provide two detailed strategic options for Vodafone as a telecommunications provider to sustain its growth internationally. We will give reason for our recommendations and evaluate the VRIO Framework of the organization and provide a clear Five Forces Analysis. Vodafone is a UK based telecommunications giant that has been a part of shaping the wireless phone industry as we know it today. Vodafone is present is most European and Asian markets. The company failed in Japan and has yet to enter the American market successfully as an independent company. We have developed two strategies for management to consider. Our first option is highly innovative and requires the company to utilize technology that already exists by forming alliances with providers of internet connections and with phone manufacturers. Our second option suggest that Vodafone should enter the American market as soon as possible providing wireless phone service in the American market place using many aspects of its existing business model. Suggesting the first option involves higher risk than option two. There is however room for sustainable growth with both options. Case 3-11: Vodafone; E Pluribus Enum Mission and objectives of Vodafone: Vodafone is the worlds largest provider of voice and data communication services to consumers and enterprise customers. The company employs about 66,000 people around the world. The company headquarter is situated in Berkshire, UK. Vodafone operates through single reportable business segment: supply of communications services and products. At the end of March 2007, the company had 206 million customers world wide. (Vodafone, 2007) Vodafones strategic objectives: Revenue stimulation and cost reduction in Europe Innovate and deliver on our customers total communication needs Deliver strong growth in emerging markets Actively manage our portfolio to maximize returns Align capital structure and shareholder returns policy to strategy Key issues and problems; Key issues and problems for Vodafone include how the company manages to coordinate its growth and to maintain its competitive advantage in the dramatically changing market environment of the dynamic telecommunication sector. VRIO: Table 1.1 The VRIO framework Value Rarity Imitability Organization Competitive implications Network infrastructure Yes No No Yes Competitive parity Diversified revenue base Yes Yes No Yes Temporary competitive advantage Leading market position Yes Yes Yes Yes Sustained competitive advantage Network infrastructure One of Vodafones key technologies and resources is the strong network infrastructure that supports its operations. To be able to provide mobile services, a strong network infrastructure is fundamental for the company. Vodafone operates 2G networks, through GSM networks, in all its mobile operating subsidiaries, offering its customers services such as voice, text messaging and basic data services. All the networks operate GPRS or 2.5G as well, which enables wireless access with mobile devices to data networks like the internet. Vodafone also controls 3G networks offering its customers mobile broadband data access services allowing data download speeds of up to 384 kilobits per second. 2006 launched High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology shortens download times significantly with data transmission speeds of up to 3.6 megabits per second and makes the usage of mobile broadband services much more pleasant for the customers. HSDPA is enabled in the existing 3G network with a fter software updates. (Vodafone, 2007) The strong network infrastructure is a valuable resource and enables the company to respond to the growing customer needs with high quality services now and in the future. This valuable resource is not a rarity in the wireless telecommunication industry and therefore it cannot be costly for the competitors to imitate. Many of the worlds large mobile operators have the same access to the same technology as Vodafone and a control over massive networks. Vodafone is very well organized to exploit the full competitive potential of the network infrastructure by providing the employees a productive and safe working environment with attractive performance based incentives. This resource is an organizational strength and generates a competitive parity. Diversified revenue base By acquisitions, stakes in companies, and partner networks Vodafone has strategically expanded its presence to consider the whole world. The company has equity interests in 25 countries. Vodafones partner network arrangements extend to a further 38 countries. (Vodafone, 2007) Vodafone has significant mobile operations in countries such as Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In 2007 the largest geographic region was Germany with a contribution of 17.1% to the total revenue, followed by UK 16.3%, Spain 14.1%, Italy 13.5%, and other Europe 13.5%. Arcor and Pacific contributed 9%, Middle East, Africa and Asia 8.2%, and Eastern Europe the rest 9% of the revenues. (Datamonitor, 2007) Vodafones global reach and geographically diversified revenue base is a valuable resource for the company. This valuable resource helps the company to compensate its risks and losses. As diversified as Vodafones revenue base is it is a rarity within the wireless te lecommunication industry. Vodafones strategy is to actively manage their portfolio by investing into markets that offer a strong local position. With strict financial investment criteria Vodafone maximizes its and its shareholders returns. (Vodafone, 2007) Vodafones competitors would not face a cost disadvantage in trying to imitate this resource. It is more about the strategy that a company implements than about the financial resources. Vodafone is well organized to exploit the full competitive potential of this valuable and rare resource. The Boards goal is to make sure that the companys employees are aware of Vodafones strategic goals and mutual obligations. This resource is an organizational strength and distinctive competence and generates a temporary competitive advantage. Leading market position Vodafone is the worlds leading mobile telecommunications company. Vodafone operates in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific and the US by subsidiary undertakings, associated undertakings and investments. In countries with significant operations Vodafones market shares are impressive; Germany 36%, Italy 33%, Spain 31%, UK 26%, South Africa 58%, US 25%, Egypt 48%, and Australia 18%. (Datamonitor, 2007) A strong market share with the market leader position is an extremely valuable and rare resource which improves the companys brand image and gives it a solid foundation to enter new potential markets. This resource is imperfectly imitable and the competitors would face a cost disadvantage in obtaining or developing it. Vodafones market leader position is based on the passion and effort of the companys employees. The company is well organized to manage effectively its employees to reach their full potential and benefiting them selves and the company. This resource is an organizat ional strength and sustainable distinctive competence and generates a sustained competitive advantage. 5 Forces Vodafone: Rivalry: The threat of rivalry in this business is impacted by the low number of big firms in the market. There are a few numbers of large firms worldwide that competes for the market share; this lowers the threat of rivalry. The firms that are in the business however are very competitive and because of a relative slow market growth in this industry the firms fight over the market shares that are out there and that increase the threat. There is also a low level of switching costs to the consumer and a low level of product differentiation and this further brings the threat level of rivalry up. So in the mobile network industry the threat of rivalry is fairly high. Substitutes: The threat of substitutes for voice and data communication over the traditional network is moderate. People calling over long distances could instead of picking up a phone go to a computer and call through that. The low costs of computer calling could potentially take over most long distance calling. The more local calls and business calls would be more secure for the mobile market, although cell phones with the ability to use the internet to make calls are being made available and will soon take a considerable market share of calls made. The threat of substitutes can be reasonable high in this industry. Buyers: The threat of buyers in this industry can be considered fairly low. The individual buyer has no impact on the price of the products offered. Suppliers: Suppliers power in some aspects of this industry is high. In the cell phone part of the business the suppliers of the phones can have a big impact on the price of products and the condition of the deal they make with the provider. One clear example of this is when apple launched their new I-phone. They made an exclusive contract with ATT so they had the exclusive right to be the service provider to their phone in America. So the suppliers power in this industry is high. New Entry: The threat of entry is highly influenced by the economy of scale of the existing companies. The large well established companies that have a strong foothold in the market and a known brand name would make entry for a new company costly. Although there are some new arrivals the larger firms control the market and will put pressure on any new entries. The threat of new entries is fairly low for the bigger companies. Table 2.1 Market Positioning Grid: High Tele2 TeliaSonera Low DKSonofon Coverage BT Vodafone VirginMobile ATT High Market Share Low Market Share Coverage Main Problem Statement: How can WE revolutionize the wireless telecom industry? Strategic Option 1: There is a lot of buzz in the telecommunication market about 2G and 3G networks. It was the dream of the CEO of Vodafone to bring the 3G network into the hands of the American consumers a few years back, but Vodafones partner in America did not want to invest in the new 3rd generation network. The new technologies that are out in the market now can give Vodafone the opportunity to be in front of all the competition in the American market. What we propose that Vodafone enters the American market with a 6th generation phone and phone service for cell phones. The type of phone is a phone that not only works on the regular network used to day in America but can also use the internet to make calls, not only to other Vodafone customers but to all networks. The technology is not new and exists today in America, but not in the mobile phone market. Vonage and Comcast offer their customers a phone service based over digital networks and not over standard phone lines. The way Vodafone is going to differ themselves from the existing firms is to offer this to cell phones. The way that this system works is that instead of the cell phone using the regular network to connect the calls it makes, it uses any wireless internet access that it can connect to. This means that calling people from you cell is virtually free and you would only pay a monthly charge on you cell phone to Vodafone. If you cannot find a wireless network to connect to, the phone can use a regular phone network as a backup. With a strategy to enter and take a market share in America like this one, you do not have to make large fixed investments in the hardware. Instead you have a 6th generation phone that can be operated on both the old networks and on digital networks. To get these phones and plans out to a large customer group, Vodafone should concentrate on the big cities first, making a encrypted wireless network available in the city that only their phones can access. This way the company can see how the customers like being connected to a faster and better network with a more advanced phone then available in the American market. The latest hype in the American cell phone market is the Iphone; this phone is looked into one carrier and can over the carriers network connect to the internet. The phone is locked to one carrier (ATT) but can be hacked and used by others. The Vodafone would be configured so that you cannot hack it by the software allowing the consumer to connect and call for free to any phone in the world by simply not connecting that person to the Vodafone network. The phone could be free for all providers to sell but some functions on the phone like IP communication would be useless. Since this is one of the biggest selling points for the product you basically lock the customer in to your carrier. To be able to make money of you customers you set a fixed monthly payment for the plan and no extra charges for calling people over the wireless networks, but standard charges for regular charges made from the phones. Strategic Option 2: It is hard to try to develop a strategic option to revolutionize the telecom industry for a company that has already been involved in shaping the industry for many years. Option 2 will differ from Option 1 in multiple areas. For option 2 we propose that Vodafone enters the American market place as soon as possible as Vodafone the company instead of through subsidiaries. Vodafone has always focused their marketing efforts mainly through sponsorships of large sports teams such as Manchester United Football Club and McLaren Mercedes Benz Formula 1 team along with hundreds of others. We believe that Vodafone can copy many of the elements that European customers have been satisfied with directly over to the American market which is currently lagging behind by almost five years compared to Asia and almost two years compared to Europe. Providing 3G service in the United States is needed and we believe that Vodafone could successfully gain market share in the United States. Vodafone has very high brand equity world wide and we believe that it is time to establish a grip on the US market. Recommendation Implementation: It is easy to see similarities between Vodafone and Sir Richard Bransons Virgin Corporation, other than the fact that the logos look similar. They are both UK based companies that are very dynamic and the company cultures are similar. Both companies are not afraid to be innovative and to move in new directions. We therefore recommend that Vodafone choose to move forwards with Option 1. This option involves the most risk, but we firmly believe that the industry is moving more and more towards telecommunication via wireless broadband connections. Just take a look at the Apple iPhone which with just one push on the touch screen switches from WI-FI to pure telephone mode. The iPhone does not provide IP-voice communication yet but we firmly believe that it is just a matter of time before it and others will. Implementing Option 1 we recommend that Vodafone establish strategic alliances with certain US based companies to be able to provide WI-FI hotspots that the handheld devices connect to. Also establish alliances or strengthen alliances with the phone manufacturers. We recognize that there are some privacy issues with Option 1 that needs to be solved, but this could not be done overnight and those issues will apply to the Vodafones competitors, such as ATT as well. We choose to recommend Option 1 because we have identified an opportunity for Vodafone to become the industry innovator and leader also in the United States over time. And we believe that it is possible due to the fact that the company is dynamic and it is not afraid to explore new opportunities. The same level of brand equity can be achieved in the US as in Europe and Asia. Lessons Learned: There are many valuable lessons in this case. First lesson is that in order to sustain growth in an industry as rapidly changing as technology companies always has to look for ways to be innovative and renew themselves in order to stay competitive and current. Another lesson is that a dynamic company without too many constraints to change can be extremely successful in rapid paced industries. We therefore identify a significant opportunity for Vodafone to emerge into new markets in the future. iReferences: Vodafone, (2007). Annual report 2007. Retrieved November 6, 2007, from vodafone.com Web site: http://www.vodafone.com/etc/medialib/attachments/agm_2007.Par. 62252.File.tmp/Vodafone_RA_2007_web.pdf Datamonitor, (2007 July 26). Vodafone group plc, compan profile. Retrieved November 6, 2007, from EBSCOhost Web site: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/ pdf?vid=7hid=3sid=6cebab29-68f7-4981-b9c3-485f73f9fcb1%40SRCSM1

Aid for Drug Addicts

Drug abuse is one of the major concerns of our society today.   It probably has the most negative effects on our communities. It does not only destroy the life of the substance user but also of the others around him. Substance abuse is also directly linked to heinous crimes such as rape, murder and theft.Teenagers are reportedly the most drug users. However, even adults can also be lead to using the substance. There are many factors, most of which are social and psychological, which may have pushed a person to taking in these illegal dugs.Although these persons know the downside of doing drugs, they may have been driven out of curiosity or more probably by their problems to take in drugs. What’s scary about this is that even if the person would want to stop, he becomes addicted to it.A drug addict should be strong enough to fight this addiction. On top of that, he should confide to the persons close to him, and trust them to help him. A drug addict could not fight this probl em alone, he needs to solicit all the help he could get.Drug addiction is defined as a condition wherein a person taking in drugs has much difficulty quitting the habit. Even if you have successfully showed the drug user the potential harm drugs can do to him, it would be very difficult to make him stop using it because his body has become thoroughly dependent on the substance.That is why combating the use of drugs is a problem that is very hard to address. A desire to stop the habit is simply not enough to cure drug addiction. The fight against drugs is not just a fight of one person, or of one family. The government should also be responsible enough to take proactive steps to help address the issue.As mentioned previously, drug abuse can take a large toll on our society. Eventually, crime rates would go up as the drug abuse cases go up. Drug abuse is directly linked to probably every problem and crime you can think of.As soon as a person shows signs of drug abuse, he must be helpe d immediately. Addicted individuals may not open up easily but with proper nurturing, he will soon allow other people to help him.Currently, there are a lot of ways or methods implemented that’s been proven to help remedy drug abuse. These methods vary widely from each other, depending on the type of drugs used.Different drugs have different effects on an individual, and thus, would require specific cures. Other factors that should be considered in curing a drug addict are: the duration of his drug addiction, any medical complications, and most importantly, his social needs. Most of the time, it may also be necessary that the other persons with close ties to the drug addict undergo some form of treatments.Drug addiction is a complicated ailment. Unlike other medical conditions which can be simply treated with a medicine, drug addiction affects the whole being of a person, not just his physical condition. Drug addiction has a major effect on a person’s mental and especi ally social well being. That makes drug addiction a real crisis of everybody.Fortunately, everybody is aware of this crisis. There are concerned non-profit groups aimed to help individuals to recover from their drug addiction. If you’ll just take a good look around in your neighborhood, you can probably hear about certain groups of addicted individuals hoping to cure themselves from drug addiction.Joining one of these groups would greatly help a drug user in his fight against drugs. Here, he’ll learn to interact with other individuals who are also in his same situation. If a friend of yours is suffering from drug addiction, you wouldn’t be able to help him more than to find him a group whom he can relate with.There’s probably no better cure than fighting it together with persons whom he knows can understand what he’s going through. Thus, it is important to encourage drug users to join such groups. Prominent examples of these groups are the Narcotic s Anonymous and Alcoholic Anonymous.If an individual has been seriously addicted to a certain drug, the best option for him is to undergo a residential treatment. Substance abuse rehabilitation centers offer effective drug treatment programs, not only for the addicted individual but also to help his family and friends who may have also been seriously affected by his condition.These residential treatment programs isolate the drug addicts from any contact with drugs or dealers to speed up his drug addiction recovery. There are also outpatient clinics that offer individual and group counseling. Qualified physician and psychiatrist assist individuals in coping with their treatments.Most people would find it helpful to visit a psychiatrist and maybe a psychologist once in awhile to talk about the most common side effects of curing drugs – anxiety and stress. It would be a great help if the government can maybe subsidize counseling centers which provides individuals information on how they can recover from these drug addictions.This may sound quite ironic to some, but drug addiction can also be effectively treated by prescribing other addictive drugs, such as methadone.These drugs are considered replacement drugs. From the term replacement, other less addictive substances are prescribed to the addicted individual to gradually alleviate his addiction on the strong substance.Sometimes, a psychiatrist can come into a conclusion that this is the only way to reliably treat the drug user. However, for those not interested in using other drugs to cure their drug addiction, they could consider acupuncture detoxification. This remedy may also be used to treat drugs, as well.There are really a lot of ways to recover from drug addiction. A lot of ideas and programs have already been developed and proven to effectively cure drug addiction.These programs have successful outcomes. In deciding which of these is the best type of recovery program for an individual, one should consider several factors including the type of drugs being used, the personality of the addicted individual, his concept of religion and spirituality, mental and physical fitness, and of course, the affordability of the program.Despite the improvements of the medical sciences in combating drug addiction, still the most widely accepted â€Å"cure† for drug addiction is abstinence from these addictive substances. The old adage, Prevention is better than cure, holds true in the fight against drug addiction.Treatments for drug addiction don’t usually come cheap, and they also don’t come easy. It requires hard work for both the addicted patient and the people around him.It can affect the lifestyle of every people he constantly makes contact to. Thus, nothing can be better than preventing people from using these addictive drugs in the first place.Since most people are tempted to try drugs for the first time during their teenage years, it is important that they develo p a good relationship between their family, peers and educators.Prevention programs should reduce the risk factors of taking in drugs and at the same time enhance the protective factors. Probably the strongest of the factors is the person’s behavior and support he gets from the people he usually interacts with.At this stage of a young adult’s life, family bonding is deemed to be very important. Parental supervision is very critical in substance abuse prevention.A god parent-child communication is very beneficial in monitoring some factors which may possibly lead the child from taking in drugs. Parents are also the best educators when it comes to drug information and their harmful effects. Studies have shown that whatever the parents says and act have the greatest effects on an individual.Ineffective parenting, especially if the parents also abuse drugs, will likely result in a child who would be a victim a drug abuse in his later life.

Investigating the development and importance of the auditing standards

The regulative environment makes it compulsory that organisations such as limited liability companies must be audited by an independent external hearer qualified under the ordinances of professional organic structures internationally or nationally to guarantee that the company is working in conformity to the company jurisprudence set by several states. An external hearer maps as an independent organic structure appointed by and studies to stockholders to show an sentiment whether the fiscal statements are prepared, in all stuff respects, true and just and in conformity to the applicable fiscal coverage model ( Pflugrath G. , Martinov-Bennie N. and Chen L. , 2007 ) . In describing to the stockholders, the hearer provides sensible confidence whereby they do non vouch fiscal statements are free from material misstatements but instead at an acceptable degree. Professional organic structures worldwide carries a responsibility to put auditing criterions to play a function of helping hearer s in executing responsibilities in order to supply high degree of assurance to intended users of the Financial Statements ( Noreen, 1988 ; Siegel et al. , 1995 ; Wotruba et al. , 2001 ) .2.0 Main Report2.1 Development of auditing criterionsThere are three regulative environments which govern statutory audits and one of them is scrutinizing criterions. At International degree, the International Federation of Accountants ( IFAC ) is the planetary organisation for the accounting profession. An independent standard-setting board under IFAC is known as the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board ( IAASB ) . The IAASB developed the International Standards on Auditing ( ISAs ) to be carried out on audit battles. As for National degree, ordinances differ as there are assorted standard scene organic structures which choose to follow the ISAs by modifying it or to put their ain criterions to accommodate harmonizing to single states. In Malaysia, the Malaysian Institute of Account ants ( MIA ) , a member of IFAC is responsible in developing the Malaysian Approved Standards on Auditing ( AI ) which adopts the modified ISAs. However, the latest development states the execution of a new board which is the Audit and Assurance Standard Board ( AASB ) ( Cosserat and Rodda, 2009 ) .2.2 Importance of the auditing criterions.An scrutinizing criterion is a signifier of the current best pattern applicable in statutory audit battles by sanctioned hearers which sets a minimal degree of proficient proficiency to guarantee work done is of high quality auditing and at the same clip supplying high degree of confidence ( Jubb and Houghton, 2007 ; Simnett, 2007 ) . It is a signifier of benchmarking the strength of accomplishing aims of the professional organic structures in being a function theoretical account in the accounting profession as stated by Watkins et Al. ( 2004 ) , and besides safeguarding the place of hearers whilst scrutinizing fiscal statements. Through professional and ethical criterions such as independence and unity, Alfredson, K. et Al. ( 2005 ) states that hearers carry out elaborate plants to value a capable affair whether it is of true and just position. Once a decision is made, the sentiment obtained would find the degree of assurance the populace would hold towards the fiscal statements ( Alfredson, K. et al. , 2005 ) . This adds on to cut downing the hazard factor faced by users of the fiscal statements ( Martinov, 2004 ) as it deters managers of an entity to transport out deceitful activities. At the same clip, it besides indirectly strengthens the audit profession as the populace would hold an increased assurance degree taking to a better feeling towards hearers in general ( Simnett, 2007 ; Dellaportas, Senarath Yapa and Sivanantham, 2008 ) . As processs of executing a statutory audit is consistent and of principles-based, it becomes less stiff and flexible to be implemented on the audit plants carried out on fiscal statements. Aside from that, as agreed by Noreen, 1988 ; Siegel et al. , 1995 ; Wotruba et Al. ( 2001 ) ; it may be able to cut down clip factor as hearers are able to be after and analyse which country are important to be tested more and frailty versa because they are already well-versed with the audit processs set by the criterions. However, this may present as a menace because the usage of their ain opinion becomes excessively subjective and therefore, they may be given to be excessively indulgent during audit processs and beltway on of import affairs. Hearers could even deliberately choose non to execute so much elaborate work and merely province fiscal statements as true and just since wittingly for the past history, it has been stated as so ( Jones et al. , 2003 ; Herron and Gilbertson, 2004 ) . From this affair, it can be of advantage to managers to carry on deceitful activities because hearers can merely see an sentiment on fraud but non able to observe and forestall it. It is the responsibility of the direction and managers to go to to deceitful possibilities in a company. With that said, they may choose to non follow deliberately by declining to unwrap gray countries in its fiscal statements or relevant information needed to execute the audit ( Cosserat and Rodda, 2009 ) . While saying to be able to accomplish high quality audits worldwide, a smattering of states still implement their ain auditing criterions to accommodate their national statute laws and traditions ( Samuels and Piper, 1985 ; Tarca, 1998 ; cited in Dellaportas, Senarath Yapa and Sivanantham, 2008 ) . This is likely due to the fact that there are still many developing states which do non hold professional organic structures for such a intent as this or even states like in the United States of America whereby they adopt a different criterion which is of rule-based ( Simnett, 2007 ) . All this may reciprocally do a hold and obstructor to harmonisation of criterions across the Earth in concurrence to international convergence ( Weetman, 2006 ) . Aside from that, consistent updating and alteration of criterions poses a demand to maintain oneself updated taking to a deficiency of assurance while executing responsibilities due to inaccurate executing of criterions implied on audit work as there are restrictions to how much one can make at a period of clip. Being excessively proficient with ordinances may do hearers to be ‘stiff ‘ in their public presentation and therefore, lack grasp on findings of samples, trial objects and the appraisal of analytical processs.2.3 Aims and Activities of IAASB and AASBWork done by the IAASB is monitored by the inadvertence organic structure known as the Public Interest Oversight Board ( PIOB ) whereby the populace ‘s involvement is involved sing proper revelations and transparence of issues that concerns to bettering the overall mission and to accomplish aims of the professional organic structure ( Dellaportas, Senarath Yapa and Sivanantham, 2008 ) . IAASB came up with a development of a plan in the twelvemonth 2004, which functions to redraft the full ISAs either partly to change countries in the ISAs or to to the full bring down new lucidity conventions where applicable. The Clarity Project reached a degree of completion upon confirmation by the PIOB and now contributes 36 freshly clarified criterions as guidelines in confidence battle by qualified hearers worldwide ( Accountants Today, June 2009 ) . Judging from the fact that the criterions now clearly identifies the aims and duties an hearer faces, a better apprehension of the full construct and public consciousness are gained ( Buchanan, F.R. , 2003 ) . The freshly improved criterions are by-far less proficient and therefore, easy to be adopted by practicians to be implemented on processs carried out for confidence battle. The whole intent of carry oning the lucidity undertaking is to do the criterions more appropriate and updated with the recent environment and at the same clip to help and update users of relevant information and a clearer position of using each criterion for the benefit of the populace ( Dellaportas, Senarath Yapa and Sivanantham, 2008 ) . The assurance of the populace in fiscal coverage activities would finally be increased ( Alfredson, K. , Leo, K. , Picker, R. , Pacter, P. and Radford, J. , 2005 ) . It is in a manner a good thing to invariably upgrade and redraft the criterions to accommodate the current coverage environment ( Humphrey, C. and Turley, S. , 2006 ) . However, there may be a little disadvantage in the sense of doing the revised criterions known to its users. The professional organic structures would necessitate to carry on seminars or station notices to all members of the professional organic structures to inform them of such amendments that has taken topographic point. This finally takes clip and attempts and may even incur a little cost to be carried out. Similarly the IAASB, the AASB plays a similar function in continuing an acceptable degree of quality professional services and high ethical behavior amongst practicians. The MIA further justified the desire of standing-out in the standard-setting procedure trusting that Malayan market can be integrated internationally so that point of views can be mentioned earlier alternatively of acquiring secondhand attending in order to germinate criterions that are more suited to the nature of the Malayan market ( Izma N. , 2009 ) . Implementing the ISAs by the AASB is a signifier of doing attempts to heighten the fiscal markets of Malaysia in going more competitory and stable. At the same clip, it besides improves professional unity and quality of audit plants by hearers. Under the backing of the MIA, AASB will go on to run into rigorous outlooks of stakeholders every bit good as traveling towards a holistic international convergence of criterions and enhance assurance of users through proper counsel in audit and confidence services. This may turn out to be a good measure in front in concurrence to be inline with the harmonisation of criterions in the universe today and besides to prepare the fiscal place of the state in order to hike assurance of the public one time once more ( Chan and Leung, 2006 ) . Therefore, conformity with scrutinizing criterions such as the ISAs and implementing it into aims and duties stated by the professional organic structures need to be acted out rapidly so as to non fall behind in clip because it can be rather a drawn-out procedure which is non accomplishable overnight ( Izma N. , 2009 ) .2.4 Further RegulationsCodes of Corporate Governance Corporate administration is the system whereby companies are directed and controlled. Cosserat and Rodda, 2009 mentioned that it is utile in avoiding affairs such as struggles of involvement seen in the bureau theory between the directors ( agents ) and the stockholders ( principal ) . In conformity to the UK Combined Codes of best patterns, the board of an entity is encouraged to organize an audit commission to guard the independency and objectiveness of hearers. An audit commission plays a function as an independent point of mention to turn to sing issues of struggle between the board of managers and the external hearers. Aside from that, in order to better external audit processs, they have a responsibility to supervise the unity of managers in fixing fiscal statements. Codes of Ethical motives The burden is ever on the hearer non merely to be ethical but besides to be seen as ethical. The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants ( IESBA ) establishes a conceptual model for all practicians to adhere to five regulations: unity, objectiveness, professional competency and due attention, confidentiality and professional behavior. Menaces to these rules are to be identified and applied with several precautions to extenuate it. Hearers are subjected to ethical demands by professional organic structures because the public relies on hearers to bring forth an independent sentiment during confidence battles ( Pflugrath G. , Martinov-Bennie N. and Chen L. , 2007 ) . They farther elaborated that a high quality audit, consisting of professional competency and due attention features need to be conducted as hearers have entree to confidential information of the entity. Company Law An hearer is required to execute an one-year audit abiding by statutory responsibilities to describe to stockholders on whether fiscal statements are of a true and just position and in conformity to approved criterions. They need to be independent and persevering and province if sufficient information has been obtained and that the company has kept proper records harmonizing to the jurisprudence. The hearer must besides name out lacks of their findings in the hearer ‘s study. The company jurisprudence besides determines the rights, assignment, remotion and surrender of hearers and the liability of hearers to stockholders and 3rd parties ( Cosserat and Rodda, 2009 ) .3.0 DecisionThe result of these findings discussed has added cognition to a better apprehension of the full audit and confidence rhythm. The responsibilities of an external hearer must be based on appropriate conceptual models developed either internationally or nationally harmonizing to the suitableness of several states. They need to execute a statutory battle required by the company jurisprudence, which is of high but non absolute confidence that the fiscal statements are free from material misstatements. An overview of the constitution of scrutinizing criterions, its aims and importance to benchmark the quality of hearers in executing responsibilities and corporate administration, company jurisprudence and ethical codifications as extra ordinances in heightening the function of hearers were identified. Furthermore, the chief thought of separating IAASB and AASB on its maps and activities in the universe today has added cognition to the deepnesss of 1s ‘ head. Therefore, the several standards-setting boards need to foster enhance and beef up its actions and processs in order to accomplish international convergence and quality criterions to function the public better and increase in its objectiveness effectivity.